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Table 1 Main clinical characteristics, laboratory and ultrasound parameters according to the three LVEF-based categories

From: Role of NT-proBNP and lung ultrasound in diagnosing and classifying heart failure in a hospitalized oldest-old population: a cross-sectional study

Clinical parameters

Total

(n = 148)

HFrEF

(n = 28)

HFmrEF

(n = 27)

HFpEF

(n=93)

p for comparison between subgroups

Age (years)

88 ± 5

88 ± 5

88 ± 5

88 ± 5

0.934

Sex (males, %)

62 (42)

14 (50)

12 (44)

36 (38)

0.545

BMI (Kg/m2)

25 ± 4

25 ± 4

25 ± 4

25 ± 5

0.985

Hypertension (%)

134 (90)

27 (96)

23 (85)

84 (90)

0.360

Atrial fibrillation (%)

64 (44)

11 (40)

14 (52)

40 (43)

0.617

Diabetes Mellitus (%)

31 (21)

5 (18)

6 (22)

20 (21)

0.902

Ischemic Heart Disease (%)

49 (33)

12 (43)

6 (22)

31 (33)

0.266

Chronic Heart Failure (%)

72 (48)

16 (57)

11 (40)

45 (48)

0.475

COPD (%)

47 (32)

7 (25)

7 (26)

33 (35)

0.447

Anemia (Hb < 12 g/dL) (%)

65 (44)

9 (32)

11 (40)

45 (48)

0.295

Non-end stage CKD (%)

78 (53)

18 (64)

13 (48)

47 (50)

0.385

Cognitive impairment (%)

61 (42)

10 (36)

14 (52)

37 (40)

0.430

Loop diuretic (%)

103 (70)

21 (75)

20 (74)

62 (66)

0.601

Beta-blocker (%)

86 (58)

17 (60)

15 (55)

54 (58)

0.907

RAASi (%)

77 (52)

15 (53)

11 (40)

51 (55)

0.340

Framingham HF + (%)a

Laboratory parameters

112 (76)

24 (86)

21 (78)

67 (72)

0.322

NT-proBNP (pg/mL)

7051 (2541-15249)

9983 (5314-15597)

5913 (2980-15556)

5643 (2099-10400)

0.045

eGFR (ml/min)

46 ± 22

40 ± 20

49 ± 23

47 ± 22

0.133

LUS parameters

 B-lines (n)

12 (6-18)

16 (13-19)

12 (6-18)

12 (6-15)

< 0.001

 IS of pleural effusion (n)

3 (1-4)

3 (2-4)

1 (0-3)

1 (0-3)

0.016

TTE parameters

 LVEF (%)

50 ± 11

30 ± 7

45 ± 1

57 ± 5.4

< 0.001

 RWT

0.49 ± 0.14

0.48 ± 0.16

0.51 ± 0.16

0.48 ± 0.12

0.685

 LVMi (g/m2)

106 ± 29

120 ± 40

110 ± 30

102 ± 25

0.027

 LAVi (ml/m2)

44 ± 19

50 ± 27

40 ± 14

43 ± 16

0.126

 E/E’

13 ± 4

12 ± 5

14 ± 5

13 ± 4

0.336

 TRV (m/s)

2.8 ± 0.5

2.6 ± 0.5

2.9 ± 0.3

2.8 ± 0.5

0.462

 TAPSE (mm)

20 ± 5

17 ± 4

19 ± 4

20 ± 5

0.059

 IVC (mm)

20 ± 4

21 ± 5

20 ± 5

19 ± 4

0.401

 PAPs (mmHg)

40 ± 12

37 ± 11

41 ± 14

41 ± 12

0.508

 Non-collapsible IVC (%)

61 (41)

14 (50)

13 (48)

34 (37)

0.344

  1. HFrEF Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFmrEF Heart failure with mildly reduced fraction, HFpEF Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, BMI Body mass index, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Hb Haemoglobin, BADL Basic activities of daily living, CKD Chronic kidney disease, RAASi Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, NT-proBNP amino-terminal pro-brain-natriuretic peptide, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, LUS Lung ultrasound, IS Intercostal spaces, LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction, RWT Relative wall thickness, LVMi Left ventricular mass index, LAVi Left atrial volume index, TRV Tricuspid regurgitation velocity, TAPSE Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, IVC Inferior vena cava, PAPs systolic pulmonary arterial pressure
  2. aPositivity is defined by two major or one major and two minor criteria. Major criteria: Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea; Neck veins distention; Rales; Radiographic cardiomegaly (increasing heart size on chest radiography); Acute pulmonary oedema; S3 gallop; Increased central venous pressure (>16 cm H2O at right atrium); Hepatojugular reflux; Weight loss >4.5 kg in 5 days in response to treatment. Minor criteria: Bilateral ankle oedema; Nocturnal cough; Dyspnoea on ordinary exertion; Hepatomegaly; Pleural effusion; Decrease in vital capacity by one-third from maximum recorded; Tachycardia (heart rate>120 beats/min)
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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