Fig. 2
From: Comparative safety of tramadol and other opioids following total hip and knee arthroplasty
Crude and adjusted hazard ratios comparing postoperative tramadol versus hydrocodone use for 90-day outcomes. Abbreviations: SAEs, Serious Adverse Events, SAEs; CI, Confidence Interval. Note: Outcome definitions for SAEs are listed in Additional Table 4. The unadjusted estimate is the intention-to-treat (ITT) estimand without covariate adjustment. Both the ITT and per-protocol estimates are covariate-adjusted