Table 3 Association Between Factors and Hospital Admission (as Expressed as Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) and Probability Significance Value (p)); Association Between Factors Total LOS¹ (as Expressed as Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) with 95% CI and p value) and New Discharge Destination² (as Expressed as OR with 95% CI) and p value)

Clinical factors

 Age, y median (IQR)

1.05 (1.03, 1.06), < 0.001

1.02 (1.00, 1.04), 0.051

1.02 (1.01, 1.03), < 0.001

1.00 (0.99, 1.01), 0.387

1.10 (1.07, 1.12), < 0.001

1.09 (1.06, 1.12), < 0.001

 Gender (male)

1.02 (0.73, 1.44), 0.89

0.85 (0.65, 1.12), 0.253

0.72 (0.44, 1.17), 0.184

 Additional acute principal medical diagnosis

36.67 (16.72, 80.43), < 0.001

32.46 (12.53, 84.08), < 0.001

1.74 (1.36, 2.22), < 0.001

1.39 (1.12, 1.74), 0.003

3.75 (2.36, 5.95), < 0.001

1.34 (0.70, 2.56), 0.38

 Additional significant injuries

9.23 (5.06, 16.82), < 0.001

5.59 (2.45, 12.74), < 0.001

1.60 (1.21, 2.12), 0.001

1.61 (1.26, 2.06), < 0.001

2.70 (1.59, 4.59), < 0.001

1.52 (0.74, 3.11), 0.253

 Dementia diagnosis

2.82 (1.77, 4.49), < 0.001

1.25 (0.49, 3.17), 0.644

1.45 (1.07, 1.98), 0.017

1.18 (0.88, 1.58), 0.258

2.97 (1.78, 4.96), < 0.001

2.44 (1.13, 5.23), 0.022

 Osteoporosis diagnosis

9.55 (6.23, 14.64), < 0.001

4.99 (2.71, 9.21), < 0.001

1.71(1.35, 2.18), < 0.001

1.38 (1.10, 1.74), 0.005

3.20 (2.08, 4.93), < 0.001

0.90 (0.49, 1.64), 0.725

 CCI score, median (IQR)

1.68 (1.50, 1.87), < 0.001

1.52 (1.28, 1.81), < 0.001

1.16 (1.09, 1.23), < 0.001

1.13 (1.06, 1.19), < 0.001

1.32 (1.20, 1.46), < 0.001

1.23 (1.06, 1.43), 0.005

Fracture factors

 Fracture severity

  Non-displaced

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Displaced

2.15 (1.44, 3.21), < 0.001

2.31 (1.12, 4.80), 0.024

1.03 (0.72, 1.46), 0.88

  Treatment method

  Conservative management

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Surgical management

N/A

0.37 (0.27, 0.51), < 0.001

0.56 (0.42, 0.76), < 0.001

0.95 (0.43, 2.09), 0.899

2.27 (0.78, 6.58), 0.133

  Conservative then surgical management

0.62 (0.35, 1.09), 0.096

1.70 (0.80, 3.63), 0.168

0.42 (0.26, 0.68), < 0.001

0.68 (0.44, 1.06), 0.092

0.30 (0.11, 0.85), 0.023

0.97 (0.30. 3.16), 0.966

 Orthopedic restrictions

 Minimal restrictions

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Restrictions

0.34 (0.18, 0.63), 0.001

0.59 (0.18, 1.89), 0.376

0.39 (0.29, 0.53), < 0.001

1.13 (0.80, 1.59), 0.495

1.06 (0.46, 2.42), 0.898

Premorbid status factors

 Living situation

  Home alone

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Home with family/friend(s)

0.54 (0.39, 0.76), < 0.001

0.38 (0.22, 0.67), 0.001

0.69 (0.54, 0.88), 0.003

0.67 (0.53, 0.83), < 0.001

0.13 (0.08, 0.20), < 0.001

0.08 (0.05, 0.15), < 0.001

  External care facility

0.21 (0.09, 0.46), < 0.001

0.01 (0.00, 0.06), < 0.001

0.24 (0.11, 0.51), < 0.001

0.20 (0.10, 0.40), < 0.001

0.04 (0.01, 0.28), 0.001

0.00 (0.00, 0.04), < 0.001

 Level of mobility

  Independent

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Assistance

1.26 (0.70, 2.29), 0.441

0.96 (0.61, 1.53), 0.872

1.12 (0.51, 2.47), 0.773

 Gait aid use

  Nil aid or SPS/FAC

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Walking frame

6.01 (3.87, 9.34), < 0.001

2.86 (1.24, 6.57), 0.013

1.40 (1.08, 1.82), 0.011

0.98 (0.74, 1.28), 0.855

2.90 (1.83, 4.60), < 0.001

0.75 (0.37, 1.53), 0.433

  Standing machine/sling hoist

2.14 (0.53, 8.64), 0.287

3.02 (0.29, 31.37), 0.355

0.93 (0.34, 2.60), 0.896

0.59 (0.24, 1.46), 0.251

0.99 (0.12, 8.16), 0.993

1.24 (0.09, 16.10), 0.871

 Level of personal self-care

  Independent

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Assistance

2.60 (1.69, 4.00), < 0.000

1.96 (0.72, 5.34), 0.186

1.33 (0.99, 1.78), 0.060

1.39 (1.02, 1.89), 0.037

2.02 (1.22, 3.36), 0.007

2.13 (0.95, 4.80), 0.067

 Upper-limb dominance

  Non-dominant

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Dominant

1.60 (1.11, 2.30), 0.012

0.95 (0.73, 1.25), 0.723

1.23 (0.76, 1.99), 0.391

  Not documented

0.61 (0.41, 0.90), 0.013

0.40 (0.29, 0.56), < 0.001

0.73 (0.43, 1.24), 0.245