Table 1 Study population for the included studies
First Author and year | Study population Country | Average age | Number of participants | Females (%) | Ethnicity (White %) | Living alone (%) | Follow up period (months) | Measures of restricted activity | Outcome measure/s |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brill, 1999 [18] | Community-dwelling White or African American women, United States | 74 | 24,612 | 100 | 90.3 | Unknown, (42% married) | 60 | Restricted movement (Categorising participants into groups, dependant on how they perform the major activity) | Mortality |
Clark, 1990 [7] | Independently ambulating individuals in assisted apartments, aged 65 or over who spent time in an intermediate-care facility at any time during the year, United States | 84.5 | 297 | 82 | Unknown | Unknown | 12 | Bed rest | Mortality |
Gill, 2001 [6] | Nondisabled community-dwelling members of a large health plan, 70 years of age or older, New Haven, Connecticut, United States | 78.4 | 754 | 64.4 | 90.5 | 39.5 | 12 | Bed rest | Hospitalisations |
Cabrera, 2012 [24] | Community-dwelling dependent older persons (age 60 and older), Brazil | 77.5 | 130 | 69.2 | Unknown | Unknown | 12 | Restricted movement and bed rest (Categorising participants based on their mobility patterns: those who could walk independently, those who walked with the help of caregivers or with the use of walking aids, those who were bedridden or confined to a wheelchair) | Mortality and hospitalisation |
Zhao, 1993 [23] | Community-dwelling frail elderly people in Yao City, Japan | 80.8 | 423 | 61 | Unknown | 62 | 12 + 60 | Activities of daily living | Mortality |
Carey, 2008 [15] | Community-dwelling subjects of All-Inclusive Care for the Eldery (PACE), Development cohort, United States | 79 | 2,232 | 67.7 | 39.9 | Unknown | 36 | Activities of daily living | Mortality |
Carey, 2004 [16] | Community-dwelling subjects aged 70 or over, in the United States | 78 | 4,516 | 61.0 | 84 | Unknown | 24 | Activities of daily living | Mortality |
Jylha, 1999 [21] | Community-dwelling people aged 90 or over in city of Tampere, Finland | 92 | 366 | 81.1 | Unknown | 71.2 | 18 | Restricted movement and bed rest (Questionnaire, asking how participants spend most of their day: on feet, sitting, or in bed) | Mortality |
Ginsberg, 1999 [9] | Community-dwelling Jerusalem residents > 65 years, Israel | 70 | 605 | 48 | Mixed, unknown | Unknown | 72 | Activities of daily living and bed rest (days in bed per fortnight) | Mortality |
Palomo, 2000 [22] | Primary care and community-dwelling, Spain | 80 | 223 | 76.2 | Unknown | Unknown | 24 | Activities of daily living and (hours in bed per day) | Mortality |
Hardy, 2011 [25] | Community-dwelling adults aged 65 years or older enrolled in Medicare, United States | 76 | 5,895 | 57 | 81 | Unknown, (29.2% married) | 16 | Restricted movement (ability to walk ¼ mile) | Mortality and hospitalisation |
Rajan, 2015 [20] | Community-dwelling participants over the age of 65 with no functional limitations, in Chicago United States | 70.7 | 3,825 | 53 | Unknown, 65% African Americans | Unknown, 59% married | 108 | Restricted movement, measured by 8 Rosow-Breslau and Nagi limitations (ROS-B/Nagi) | Cognitive decline |
Rajan, 2013 [19] | Community-dwelling participants over the age of 65 with no functional limitations, in Chicago United States | 70.7 | 6,678 | 60.6 | Unknown, 63.6% black | Unknown | 36 | Activities of daily living | Cognitve decline |