Table 1 Study characteristics, stratified by gender

Age (mean ± SD)

69.3 ± 6.3

69.5 ± 6.4

69.1 ± 6.3

0.165

Marital status

Married

1864(76.8)

1104(95.1)

760(60.1)

< 0.001

Single

562(23.2)

57(4.9)

505(39.9)

Educational level

Illiterate

801(33.0)

214(18.4)

587(46.4)

< 0.001

Primary school

712(29.3)

324(27.9)

388(30.7)

High school diploma

718(29.6)

466(40.1)

252(19.9)

Academic

195(8.0)

157(13.5)

38(3.0)

Physical Activity

No active and sedentary

1869(77.0)

893(76.9)

976(77.2)

0.087

Low active

399(16.4)

180(15.5)

219(17.3)

Active

158(6.5)

88(7.6)

70(5.5)

Household Income

Low

513(21.1)

168(14.5)

345(27.3)

< 0.001

Moderate

1362(56.1)

641(55.2)

721(57.0)

High

551(22.7)

352(30.3)

199(15.7)

Tobacco smoking

No

737(30.4)

321(27.6)

416(32.9)

0.001

Past smoking

1185(48.8)

568(48.9)

617(48.8)

Current smoking

504(20.8)

272(23.4)

232(18.3)

Sleep

Less than 6 h

46(1.9)

24(2.1)

22(1.7)

0.832

6 to 9 h

1682(69.3)

805(69.3)

877(69.3)

More than 9 h

698(28.8)

332(28.6)

366(28.9)

Polypharmacy

339(17.0)

88(9.8)

251(22.8)

< 0.001

Hypertension

1770(73.0)

819(70.5)

951(75.2)

0.010

History of Stroke

81(3.3)

37(3.2)

44(3.5)

0.735

History of Osteoarthritis

305(12.6)

95(8.2)

210(16.6)

< 0.001

History of Depression

623(25.7)

154(13.3)

469(37.1)

< 0.001

History of Diabetes mellitus

767(31.6)

327(28.2)

440(34.8)

< 0.001

History of Thyroid disease

231(9.5)

44(3.8)

187(14.8)

< 0.001

History of Obesity

645(26.6)

188(16.2)

457(36.1)

< 0.001

History of Cognitive disorder

1194(49.2)

451(38.8)

743(58.7)

< 0.001

History of Osteoporosis

1005(41.4)

275(23.7)

730(57.7)

< 0.001

History of Kidney stones

212(8.7)

118(10.2)

94(7.4)

0.018

Multi-morbidity (2 + chronic conditions)

1946(80.2)

794(68.4)

1152(91.1)

< 0.001

Number of co-occurring diseases (mean ± SD)

2.8 ± 1.4

2.1 ± 1.2

3.4 ± 1.4

< 0.001