Table 1 Description of the intervention

A) Frailty screening

Evaluation of five criteria by a nurse and a physician: muscle strength, walking speed, subjective fatigue, unintentional weight loss, physical activity [29]

0 criteria = robust, 1-2 criteria = pre-frail, 3-5 criteria = frail

B) Shared decision-making (SDM) conference

Online conference consisting of interdisciplinary, interprofessional teams and the patient or relatives using a three-talk model:

 1. choice talk: identification of the willingness to participate in the decision-making process, and discussion of needs and priorities during prehabilitation

 2. option talk: patient or a proxy for the patient, multidisciplinary and multi-professional case conference (participants: anaesthesiology, geriatrics, and the respective field of the planned surgery or intervention, and either a therapist - physiotherapist or occupational therapist - or a nurse and a general practitioner)

 3. decision talk: definition of patient-centred goals for the prehabilitation period and establishment of a comprehensive prehabilitation plan, including a decision on the prehabilitation setting (inpatient, day clinic, outpatient^a, home-based).

C) Individualised prehabilitation program

Setting (where?): inpatient, day clinic, ambulatory, or home-based as determined by the SDM

Intervention (what?): supervised and unsupervised physical exercises; can include psychosocial and neurocognitive interventions, speech therapy, nutrition counselling, reduction of polypharmacy, and others.

Frequency and duration of intervention (how often and how long?):

Overall duration: 3-weeks, 45–48 total number of exercise sessions

Session duration: 30 mins

Frequency:

 • Supervised sessions: 5x/week, twice daily, which refers to a total of 30 supervised sessions

 • Unsupervised sessions: up to 6x/week, which refers to a total of up to 18 unsupervised sessions