Effects of telerehabilitation-based respiratory and corrective exercises among the elderly with thoracic hyper-kyphosis: a clinical trial

Table 4 ANCOVA results comparing the mean average of posttest measures by eliminating possible effects of pretest measures for postural measures for the experimental group (n = 20) and control group (n = 20)

Variable	The experimental group (Mean ± SD)	Control group (Mean ± SD)	F	P-value	ES
CVA (pretest)	44.13 ± 5.03	45.90 ± 4.79	18.57	< 0.001^*	0.33
CVA (posttest)	45.64 ± 4.78	45.79 ± 4.62	18.57	< 0.001^*	0.33
SA (pretest)	41.63 ± 3.73	40.88 ± 3.94	8.94	0.005^*	0.20
SA (posttest)	39.98 ± 3.74	40.59 ± 3.40	8.94	0.005^*	0.20
TK(pretest)	48.55 ± 2.58	48.98 ± 2.11	16.50	< 0.001^*	0.31
TK (posttest)	47.08 ± 2.24	48.92 ± 2.26	16.50	< 0.001^*	0.31
CA (pretest)	21.26 ± 3.92	20.46 ± 3.49	22.77	< 0.001^*	0.38
CA (posttest)	22.51 ± 3.71	20.69 ± 2.97	22.77	< 0.001^*	0.38

All measurement scales are in degrees
CVA Craniovertebral Angle, SA Shoulder Angle, TK Thoracic kyphosis, CA Cranial angle, SD Standard Deviation
^*Statistically significant differences observed, ES: Effect size

ISSN: 1471-2318