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Table 1 A brief description of respiratory and corrective exercises, the aim of exercises, and the duration or frequency of them

From: Effects of telerehabilitation-based respiratory and corrective exercises among the elderly with thoracic hyper-kyphosis: a clinical trial

No

Type of Exercise

Aim of exercise

Type of Exercises

Duration (s) or Frequency of the exercises

Tools used for exercise progression

1

Using foam roller in supine to activate transversus abdominus

✓ Improve core stability

✓ Improve mobility of the spine and extremities

✓ Strengthen core muscles

Mobility/ Strengthening

10 rep, 1 Set

Roller

2

Leg and Arm extension in a quadruped position

✓ Improve core stability

✓ Improve mobility of the spine and extremities

✓ Strengthen upper back muscles

Strengthening

8 rep, 2 sets

Weight cuffs

3

Trunk extension in a prone position

✓ Improve core stability

✓ Strengthen upper back muscles

Strengthening

8 rep, 2 sets

Weight cuffs

4

Trunk extension and rotation in side lying

✓ Strengthen upper back muscles

✓ Improve upper back mobility

Mobility/ Strengthening

8 rep, 2 sets

Theraband

5

Hip external rotation and abduction in side-lying

✓ Strengthening the hip abductor muscles

Strengthening

8 rep, 2 sets

Weight cuffs

6

Foam rolling the back trunk in supine

✓ Improve spinal extension mobility

Mobility

10 rep, 1 Set

Roller

7

Unilateral arm overhead reaching with roller in kneeling

✓ Improve spinal and chest extension/side flexion mobility

Mobility

10 rep, 1 Set

Roller

8

Bilateral arm overhead reaching with roller in kneeling

✓ Improve spinal and chest extension mobility

Mobility

10 rep, 1 Set

Roller

9

Shoulder flexion with trunk extension on the wall

✓ Improve spinal and shoulder mobility

Mobility

10 rep, 1 Set

Body weight

10

Wall push-up

✓ Scapular stabilization

✓ Shoulder and trunk mobility

Strengthening/Mobility

10 rep, 1 Set

Body weight

11

Single leg stance

✓ Improve postural control

Balance training

10 rep, 1 Set

Body weight

12

Gluteal stretching

✓ Improve mobility of posterior hip capsule and hip extensor muscles

Mobility

Passive 30 s hold, 1 rep

–-

13

Straight leg raise

✓ Stretching the hamstrings and calf muscles

Mobility

Passive 30 s hold, 1 rep

Stretch strap

14

Quadriceps stretching in prone

✓ Stretching the quadriceps muscles

Mobility

Passive 30 s hold, 1 rep

Stretch strap

  1. Breathing pattern: The participants were asked to control their breathing so that they inhale while performing exercises that included trunk extension or shoulder girdle adduction and exhaling in the opposite movements
  2. Postural adjustments: During the entire exercise sessions, patients were instructed to maintain the ideal alignment, reduce kyphotic posture, and use diaphragmatic breathing