Incorporating frailty to address the key challenges to geriatric economic evaluation

BMC Geriatrics

Table 7 Logistic regression for out-of-pocket care receipt

Dependent variable: OOP care receipt¹in Wave 5 (N = 6,205)
Explanatory variables	Coefficient (SE)²	P-value
Constant	-10.011 (0.763)	< 0.001
Age W4	0.051 (0.010)	< 0.001
Female	0.712 (0.172)	< 0.001
SES (ref: Most privileged quartile)
2nd quartile	-0.485 (0.227)	0.033
3rd quartile	-0.698 (0.193)	< 0.001
Most deprived quartile	-1.117 (0.247)	< 0.001
Frailty W4 (0-100)	0.174 (0.027)	< 0.001
Frailty^2 W4	-0.002 (0.0005)	< 0.001
Change in frailty³	0.063 (0.010)	< 0.001
High physical activity W4	-0.954 (0.435)	0.028
Fear of falling W4	0.659 (0.197)	0.001
OOP care receipt¹ W4	1.851 (0.193)	< 0.001
Informal care receipt W4	-0.579 (0.181)	0.001

¹ ELSA W4-5 contained information on the receipt of any privately paid help for activities of daily living.
² Coefficient greater than zero implies the explanatory variable increased the odds of the dependent variable relative to its reference level, and vice versa.
³ Two-year change in frailty between ELSA W4 and W5.
Abbreviation: ELSA: English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; MA fall: fall requiring medical attention; Ref: reference; SE: standard error; SES: socioeconomic status; W4: ELSA Wave 4; W5: ELSA Wave 5; OOP: out-of-pocket

ISSN: 1471-2318