Table 3 Demographic and health-related characteristics of study subjects with and without objective visual impairment
Characteristic | Subjects without objective visual impairment, n = 2415 | Subjects with objective visual impairment, n = 295 | P# |
|---|---|---|---|
Gender, n (%) | 0.073 | ||
Female | 1,152 (47.70%) | 157 (53.22%) | |
Male | 1,263 (52.30%) | 138 (46.78%) | |
Age, M (Q1, Q3) | 69 (63, 76) | 74 (67, 80) | < 0.001 |
Age, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
60–69 years | 1,251 (51.80%) | 104 (35.25%) | |
70–79 years | 812 (33.62%) | 91 (30.85%) | |
80 + years | 352 (14.58%) | 100 (33.90%) | |
Race/ethnicity, n (%) | 0.083 | ||
Mexican American | 308 (12.75%) | 55 (18.64%) | |
Other Hispanic | 163 (6.75%) | 20 (6.78%) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 1,414 (58.55%) | 157 (53.22%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 470 (19.46%) | 55 (18.64%) | |
Other/multiracial | 60 (2.48%) | 8 (2.71%) | |
Education level, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
< College graduate | 1,934 (80.08%) | 262 (88.81%) | |
≥ College graduate | 481 (19.92%) | 33 (11.19%) | |
Marital status, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Married/living with partner | 1,534 (63.52%) | 133s (45.08%) | |
Widowed/separated/divorced | 788 (32.63%) | 147 (49.83%) | |
Never married | 93 (3.85%) | 15 (5.08%) | |
Total number of people in the Household, n (%) | 0.003 | ||
1 | 542 (22.44%) | 80 (27.12%) | |
2–5 | 1,691 (70.02%) | 180 (61.02%) | |
≥ 5 | 182 (7.54%) | 35 (11.86%) | |
Ratio of family income to poverty, M (Q1, Q3) | 2.29 (1.41, 4.09) | 1.64 (1.00, 2.82) | < 0.001 |
Ratio of family income to poverty, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
< 1 | 292 (13.09%) | 64 (24.24%) | |
≥ 1 | 1,938 (86.91%) | 200 (75.76%) | |
Missing | 185 | 31 | |
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.290 | ||
Never | 1,113 (46.09%) | 148 (50.17%) | |
Former | 1,007 (41.70%) | 109 (36.95%) | |
Current | 295 (12.22%) | 38 (12.88%) | |
Alcohol intake, n (%) | 0.067 | ||
Non-drinker | 906 (37.52%) | 133 (45.08%) | |
1–5 drinks/month | 1,007 (41.70%) | 114 (38.64%) | |
5–10 drinks/month | 115 (4.76%) | 11 (3.73%) | |
10 + drinks/month | 387 (16.02%) | 37 (12.54%) | |
Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), n (%) | 0.029 | ||
underweight | 32 (1.34%) | 4 (1.39%) | |
normal weight | 622 (25.95%) | 96 (33.33%) | |
overweight | 911 (38.01%) | 108 (37.50%) | |
obesity | 832 (34.71%) | 80 (27.78%) | |
Missing | 18 | 7 | |
Hypertension, n (%) | 0.528 | ||
Yes | 1,345 (55.69%) | 170 (57.63%) | |
No | 1,070 (44.31%) | 125 (42.37%) | |
Diabetes, n (%) | 0.051 | ||
Yes | 602 (24.93%) | 89 (30.17%) | |
No | 1,813 (75.07%) | 206 (69.83%) | |
Self-reported general health, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Good/excellent | 1,777 (76.56%) | 182 (65.70%) | |
Poor/fair | 544 (23.44%) | 95 (34.30%) | |
Missing | 94 | 18 | |
Depression, n (%) | 0.790 | ||
No | 2,214 (95.93%) | 260 (95.59%) | |
Yes | 94 (4.07%) | 12 (4.41%) | |
Missing | 107 | 23 | |
Subjective cognitive complaints, n (%) | 0.003 | ||
No | 2,207 (91.39%) | 254 (86.10%) | |
Yes | 208 (8.61%) | 41 (13.90%) | |
Physical functional impairment, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
No | 1,944 (80.50%) | 197 (66.78%) | |
Yes | 471 (19.50%) | 98 (33.22%) | |
Activities of daily living, n (%) | 0.003 | ||
No | 2,120 (87.78%) | 241 (81.69%) | |
Yes | 295 (12.22%) | 54 (18.31%) | |
Instrumental activities of daily living, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
No | 2,030.00 (84.06%) | 220.00 (74.58%) | |
Yes | 385.00 (15.94%) | 75.00 (25.42%) | |
Leisure and social activities, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
No | 2,174.00 (90.02%) | 239.00 (81.02%) | |
Yes | 241.00 (9.98%) | 56.00 (18.98%) | |
Lower-extremity mobility, n (%) | 0.010 | ||
No | 1,289 (53.37%) | 134 (45.42%) | |
Yes | 1,126 (46.63%) | 161 (54.58%) | |
General physical activities, n (%) | 0.022 | ||
No | 1,276 (52.84%) | 135 (45.76%) | |
Yes | 1,139 (47.16%) | 160 (54.24%) |