Table 2 Demographic and health-related characteristics of study subjects with and without subjective visual impairment
Characteristic | Subjects without subjective visual impairment, n = 2097 | Subjects with subjective visual impairment, n = 613 | P# |
|---|---|---|---|
Gender, n (%) | 0.861 | ||
Female | 1,011 (48.21%) | 298 (48.61%) | |
Male | 1,086 (51.79%) | 315 (51.39%) | |
Age, M (Q1, Q3) | 70 (64, 76) | 69 (63, 78) | 0.712 |
Age, n (%) | 0.002 | ||
60–69 years | 1,040 (49.59%) | 315 (51.39%) | |
70–79 years | 729 (34.76%) | 174 (28.38%) | |
80 + years | 328 (15.64%) | 124 (20.23%) | |
Race/ethnicity, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Mexican American | 236 (11.25%) | 127 (20.72%) | |
Other Hispanic | 125 (5.96%) | 58 (9.46%) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 1,300 (61.99%) | 271 (44.21%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 377 (17.98%) | 148 (24.14%) | |
Other/multiracial | 59 (2.81%) | 9 (1.47%) | |
Education level, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
< College graduate | 1,651 (78.73%) | 545 (88.91%) | |
≥ College graduate | 446 (21.27%) | 68 (11.09%) | |
Marital status, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Married/living with partner | 1,341 (63.95%) | 326 (53.18%) | |
Widowed/separated/divorced | 684 (32.62%) | 251 (40.95%) | |
Never married | 72 (3.43%) | 36 (5.87%) | |
Total number of people in the Household, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
1 | 478 (22.79%) | 144 (23.49%) | |
2–5 | 1,489 (71.01%) | 382 (62.32%) | |
≥ 5 | 130 (6.20%) | 87 (14.19%) | |
Ratio of family income to poverty, M (Q1, Q3) | 2.45 (1.46, 4.38) | 1.65 (0.98, 2.71) | < 0.001 |
Ratio of family income to poverty, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
< 1 | 214 (11.05%) | 142 (25.49%) | |
≥ 1 | 1,723 (88.95%) | 415 (74.51%) | |
Missing | 160 | 56 | |
Smoking status, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Never | 991 (47.26%) | 270 (44.05%) | |
Former | 883 (42.11%) | 233 (38.01%) | |
Current | 223 (10.63%) | 110 (17.94%) | |
Alcohol intake, n (%) | 0.006 | ||
Non-drinker | 784 (37.39%) | 255 (41.60%) | |
1–5 drinks/month | 857 (40.87%) | 264 (43.07%) | |
5–10 drinks/month | 103 (4.91%) | 23 (3.75%) | |
10 + drinks/month | 353 (16.83%) | 71 (11.58%) | |
Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), n (%) | 0.428 | ||
Underweight | 26 (1.25%) | 10 (1.65%) | |
Normal weight | 563 (27.07%) | 155 (25.62%) | |
Overweight | 799 (38.41%) | 220 (36.36%) | |
Obesity | 692 (33.27%) | 220 (36.36%) | |
Missing | 17 | 8 | |
Hypertension, n (%) | 0.074 | ||
Yes | 1,153 (54.98%) | 362 (59.05%) | |
No | 944 (45.02%) | 251 (40.95%) | |
Diabetes, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 490 (23.37%) | 201 (32.79%) | |
No | 1,607 (76.63%) | 412 (67.21%) | |
Self-reported general health, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Good/excellent | 1,646 (81.85%) | 313 (53.32%) | |
Poor/fair | 365 (18.15%) | 274 (46.68%) | |
Missing | 86 | 26 | |
Depression, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
No | 1,944 (97.25%) | 530 (91.22%) | |
Yes | 55 (2.75%) | 51 (8.78%) | |
Missing | 98 | 32 | |
Subjective cognitive complaints, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
No | 1,947 (92.85%) | 514 (83.85%) | |
Yes | 150 (7.15%) | 99 (16.15%) | |
Physical functional impairment, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
No | 1,743 (83.12%) | 398 (64.93%) | |
Yes | 354 (16.88%) | 215 (35.07%) | |
Activities of daily living, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
No | 1,886 (89.94%) | 475 (77.49%) | |
Yes | 211 (10.06%) | 138 (22.51%) | |
Instrumental activities of daily living, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
No | 1,802 (85.93%) | 448 (73.08%) | |
Yes | 295 (14.07%) | 165 (26.92%) | |
Leisure and social activities, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
No | 1,928 (91.94%) | 485 (79.12%) | |
Yes | 169 (8.06%) | 128 (20.88%) | |
Lower-extremity mobility, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
No | 1,173 (55.94%) | 250 (40.78%) | |
Yes | 924 (44.06%) | 363 (59.22%) | |
General physical activities, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
No | 1,157 (55.17%) | 254 (41.44%) | |
Yes | 940 (44.83%) | 359 (58.56%) |