Table 1 Characteristics of the subjects

Age, y

66.42 ± 4.76

65.39 ± 4.66

67.53 ± 4.64

< 0.001

Female, n (%)

182 (68.2)

99(54.4)

83(45.6)

0.195

Marital Statue (Unmarried, widowed, and divorced), n (%)

19(7.1)

14(10.1)

5(3.9)

0.046

Living alone, n (%)

11(4.1)

8(5.8)

3(2.3)

0.154

Education, n (%)

< 0.001

 Lower

35(13.1)

9(6.5)

26(20.2)

 Secondary

29(29.6)

35(25.4)

44(34.1)

 High

153(57.3)

94(68.1)

59(45.7)

Previous occupation type (Mental labor), n (%)

155(58.1)

94(68.1)

61(47.3)

0.001

High family income, n (%)

183(68.5)

106(76.8)

77(59.7)

0.003

Smoking, n (%)

32(12.0)

13(9.4)

19(14.7)

0.182

Drinking alcohol, n (%)

27(10.1)

13(9.4)

14(10.9)

0.698

BMI, kg/m²

24.15 ± 2.99

23.80 ± 2.86

24.54 ± 3.08

0.044

Grip strength, kg

 Dominant hand

29.24 ± 9.42

29.19 ± 8.51

29.30 ± 10.35

0.928

 Non-dominant hand

27.26 ± 8.99

27.62 ± 8.11

26.87 ± 9.87

0.500

Diabetes, n (%)

45(16.9)

17(12.3)

28(21.7)

0.041

Hypertension, n (%)

112(41.9)

55(39.9)

57(44.2)

0.474

COPD, n (%)

2(0.7)

1(0.7)

1(0.8)

0.962

AF, n (%)

6(2.2)

2(1.4)

4(3.1)

0.363

CHF, n (%)

2(0.7)

1(0.7)

1(0.8)

0.962

CHD, n (%)

5(1.9)

1(0.7)

4(3.1)

0.152