Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants
Variables | IACP (n = 166) | Unexposed (n = 664) | p value | ASMD# |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 77.15 (7.77) | 77.28 (7.90) | 0.850 | -0.017 |
 Range (min–max) | 65–94 | 65–99 |  |  |
Sex, male, n (%) | 82 (49.4) | 319 (48.0) | 0.755 | -0.027 |
Home to hospital distance ≤ 30 min car drive, n (%) | 151 (91.0) | 584 (88.0) | 0.277 |  |
Outpatient department visits | 9.07 (4.21) | 9.27 (4.12) | 0.566 | -0.048 |
Clinical characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 3.72 (2.48) | 3.70 (2.27) | 0.909 | 0.010 |
Chronic diseases, mean (SD) | 8.86 (3.39) | 8.78 (3.18) | 0.704 | Â |
Multimorbidity frailty index score, mean (SD) | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.746 | -0.029 |
BMI, mean (SD) | 24.31 (3.86) | 24.50 (3.86) | 0.586 | Â |
Diseases, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Diabetes | 87 (52.4) | 252 (38.0) | 0.001* |  |
 Diabetes with end-organ damage | 78 (47.0) | 316 (47.6) | 0.889 |  |
 Moderate-to-severe renal disease | 76 (45.8) | 327 (49.2) | 0.425 |  |
 Peptic ulcer disease | 38 (22.9) | 129 (19.4) | 0.320 |  |
 Cerebral vascular diseases | 36 (21.7) | 135 (20.3) | 0.699 |  |
 Any tumor | 25 (15.1) | 117 (17.6) | 0.434 |  |
 Dementia | 25 (15.1) | 100 (15.1) | 1.000 |  |
 Chronic pulmonary diseases | 22 (13.3) | 151 (22.7) | 0.008* |  |
 Congestive heart failure | 22 (13.3) | 111 (16.7) | 0.278 |  |
 Myocardial infarction | 4 (2.4) | 37 (5.6) | 0.103 |  |
 Hemiplegia | 3 (1.8) | 6 (0.9) | 0.324 |  |
 Peripheral vascular disease | 2 (1.2) | 23 (3.5) | 0.146 |  |
 Metastatic solid tumor | 2 (1.2) | 4 (0.6) | 0.422 |  |
 Mild liver disease | 1 (0.6) | 26 (3.9) | 0.062 |  |
 Connective tissue diseases | 1 (0.6) | 22 (3.3) | 0.091 |  |
 Moderate-to-severe liver disease | 1 (0.6) | 5 (0.8) | 0.838 |  |
 Lymphoma | 0 | 4 (0.6) | - |  |
 Leukemia | 0 | 3 (0.5) | - |  |
 AIDS | 0 | 2 (0.3) | - |  |