Table 1 The summary of fall risk assessments used for community-dwelling older adults
Scale | Author/Year | Items | Scores | Reliability | Validity | Self-assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Performance-based Tests | ||||||
 Berg Balance Scale (BBS) | Muir et al. 2008 [13] | 14 | 0 ~ 56 | NR | Sen: 61% Spe: 53% Cut-off point: 54 AUC:0.59 | No |
 Time Up and Go test (TUGT) | Kang et al. 2017 [14] | 1 | Time recorded | NR | Sen: 67.5% Spe: 56.3% Cut-off point: 10.15 s AUC:0.607 | No |
 Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) | Wrisley & Kumar 2010 [15] | 10 | 0 ~ 30 | NR | Sen: 100.0% Spe: 82.8% Cut-off point: 20 AUC:0.92 | No |
 Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) | Wrisley & Kumar 2010 [15] | 8 | 0 ~ 24 | NR | Sen: 100.0% Spe: 75.9% Cut-off point: 20 AUC:0.91 | No |
The Fall-related Psychological Evaluations | ||||||
 Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale | Guan et al. 2012 [16] | 16 | 0 ~ 100% | Cronbach’s α: 0.94 Inter-rater: ICC = 0.98 Test-retest: ICC = 0.96 | Significant discriminatory validity (t = 3.45, P < 0.01) | Yes |
 Fall Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) | Guo et al. 2015 [17] | 16 | 16 ~ 64 | Cronbach’s α: 0.921 Test-retest: ICC = 0.906 | Sen: 71% Spe: 63% Cut-off point: 35 AUC:0.741 | Yes |
 Iconographical Falls Efficacy Scale-Short Version (Icon-FES) | Chan et al. 2018 [18] | 10 | 10 ~ 40 | Cronbach’s α: 0.91 Test-retest: ICC = 0.93 | Concurrent validity: correlate with FES-I (r = 0.75, P < 0.001) | No (Interview-based) |
The Multifactorial Fall Risk Assessment Tools | ||||||
 The self-rated Fall Risk Questionnaire (self-rated FRQ) | Song et al. 2020 [19] | 12 | 0 ~ 14 | Cronbach’s α: 0.670 | Sen: 81.03% Spe: 51.72% Cut-off point: 4 AUC:0.743 | Yes |
 The Chinese Home-FAST self-reported screening tool | Lai et al. 2020 [20] | 20 | 0 ~ 20 | Cronbach’s α: 0.94 Inter-rater: ICC = 0.89 Test-retest: ICC = 0.88 | Satisfactory discriminatory validity (Wilks’ lambda = 0.78, F = 42.04, P < 0.001) | Yes |
 The Fall-risk Assessment Profile | Chen et al. 2020 [21] | 8 | 0 ~ 17 | NR | Sen: 75.16% Spe: 52.75% Cut-off point: 6 AUC: 0.70 | No |
 The Short-form Physiological Profile Assessment (S-PPA) | Liu & Ng. 2019 [22] | 5 | NR | Inter-rater: ICC = 0.83 Intra-rater: ICC = 0.74 | Sen: 39% Spe: 81% Cut-off point: 0.87 AUC: 0.62 | No |
 The Fall Risks for Older People in the Community screening tool (FROP-Com screen) | Ng et al. 2020 [23] | 3 | 0 ~ 9 | Inter-rater: ICC = 0.79 Test-retest: ICC = 0.70 | Concurrent validity: correlate with BBS (rho = 0.38, P < 0.01), TUG (rho = 0.35, P < 0.01), and ABC-C (rho = − 0.65, P < 0.001). | No |
 The Fall Risk Screening Tool | Fielding et al. 2013 [24] | 23 | 0 ~ 33 | Cronbach’s α: 0.869 Inter-rater: ICC = 0.830 | NR | No |
 LASA Fall Risk Profile | Peeters et al. 2010 [25] | 9 | 0 ~ 30 | NR | Sen: 56.6% Spe: 71.4% Cut-off point: 8 AUC: 0.65 | No |