Table 1 Baseline characteristics of potential risk factors for dementia according to quartiles of vegetable and fruit intakea
Characteristic | Vegetable intake (g/1000 kcal) | Fruit intake (g/1000 kcal) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |
M: ≤111 W: ≤135 (n = 267) | M: 112-151 W: 136-189 (n = 268) | M: 152-205 W: 190-250 (n = 268) | M: ≥206 W: ≥251 (n = 268) | M: ≤13 W: ≤22 (n = 267) | M: 14-30 W: 23-46 (n = 268) | M: 31-56 W: 47-71 (n = 268) | M: ≥57 W: ≥72 (n = 268) | |
Vegetable or fruit intake (median) | ||||||||
 Men (g/1000 kcal) | 82 | 134 | 177 | 250 | 4 | 21 | 40 | 88 |
 Women (g/1000 kcal) | 110 | 163 | 217 | 292 | 12 | 34 | 54 | 107 |
Clinical parameters | ||||||||
 Age, y | 69.3 (6.3)b | 68.9 (6.6) | 69.9 (6.6) | 69.7 (6.5) | 69.3 (6.8) | 69.2 (6.7) | 69.9 (6.5) | 68.4 (6.1) |
 Men, % | 42.3 | 42.2 | 42.2 | 42.2 | 42.3 | 42.2 | 42.2 | 42.2 |
 Education ≤6 years, % c | 14.1 | 14.7 | 10.6 | 10.8 | 14.8 | 13.3 | 14.3 | 7.8** |
 History of stroke, % | 4.5 | 3.0 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 3.7 | 3.7 |
 Diabetes mellitus, % | 11.6 | 15.3 | 17.2 | 14.9 | 15.0 | 14.2 | 13.1 | 16.8 |
 Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.2 (3.0) | 22.0 (3.2) | 22.4 (3.0) | 22.6 (3.1) | 22.0 (3.1) | 22.3 (2.9) | 22.3 (3.2) | 22.6* (3.1) |
 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 140 (23) | 136 (21)* | 140 (23) | 140 (23) | 139 (21) | 138 (23) | 139 (23) | 139 (22) |
 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 76 (11) | 75 (10) | 76 (10) | 76 (11) | 76 (11) | 76 (11) | 75 (10) | 76 (11) |
 Antihypertensive agents, % | 22.9 | 24.6 | 26.5 | 25.0 | 23.6 | 24.3 | 23.1 | 28.0 |
 Electrocardiogram abnormalities, % | 22.1 | 16.4 | 20.5 | 22.0 | 24.0 | 19.0 | 17.9 | 20.2 |
 Serum total cholesterol, mg/dL | 209 (43) | 210 (48) | 209 (44) | 208 (42) | 204 (43) | 208 (48) | 213 (43) * | 211 (42) |
 Current smoking, % | 25.5 | 26.1 | 18.3* | 22.8 | 30.7 | 27.2* | 16.4** | 18.3* |
 Current alcohol drinking, % | 28.1 | 25.8 | 29.1 | 21.6 | 36.3 | 25.0 | 23.5 | 19.8** |
 Regular exercise, % | 12.7 | 9.7** | 19.4* | 17.5 | 13.5 | 15.7 | 16.4 | 13.8 |
Dietary factors | ||||||||
 Total energy, kcal/day | 1644 (416) | 1653 (369) | 1661 (390) | 1531 (320) ** | 1611 (413) | 1628 (409) | 1621 (350) | 1628 (340) |
 Protein, g/1000 kcal | 31.4 (5.3) | 33.7 (5.6) ** | 33.3 (5.2) ** | 34.2 (6.0) ** | 32.7 (6.0) | 33.3 (6.1) | 33.2 (5.1) | 33.4 (5.2) |
 Fat, g/1000 kcal | 28.4 (5.9) | 29.5 (6.0) * | 28.7 (6.4) | 28.5 (6.3) | 28.2 (6.7) | 29.6 (6.7) ** | 28.6 (5.6) | 28.7 (5.5) |
 Carbohydrate, g/1000 kcal | 140.7 (18.5) | 136.9 (18.7) * | 138.9 (20.1) | 141.1 (18.2) | 137.9 (20.7) | 136.8 (19.7) | 139.9 (17.9) | 142.9 (16.9) ** |