| N (%) or Median(Q1-Q3) |  | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Baseline | 4-year follow-up | ||
All samples | ADL disability | ADL independent | P value | |
Overall | 2192 | 311 | 1881 | Â |
Age (Years) |  |  |  | < 0.001* |
 60 ~ | 809 (36.9%) | 82 (26.4%) | 727 (38.6%) |  |
 65 ~ | 569 (26.0%) | 63 (20.3%) | 506 (26.9%) |  |
 70 ~ − | 423 (19.3%) | 75 (24.1%) | 348 (18.5%) |  |
 75 ~ | 391 (17.8%) | 91 (29.3%) | 300 (15.9%) |  |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | 0.045* |
 Male | 892 (40.7%) | 110 (35.4%) | 782 (41.6%) |  |
 Female | 1300 (59.3%) | 201 (64.6%) | 1099 (58.4%) |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | 0.551 |
 Married/Cohabitated | 1680 (76.6%) | 233 (74.9%) | 1447 (76.9%) |  |
 Widowed | 468 (21.4%) | 73 (23.5%) | 395 (21.0%) |  |
 Other | 44 (2.01%) | 5 (1.61%) | 39 (2.07%) |  |
Education | Â | Â | Â | 0.043* |
 Illiterate | 911 (41.6%) | 153 (49.2%) | 758 (40.3%) |  |
 Primary school | 973 (44.4%) | 126 (40.5%) | 847 (45.0%) |  |
 Middle school | 214 (9.76%) | 24 (7.72%) | 190 (10.1%) |  |
 High school | 70 (3.19%) | 6 (1.93%) | 64 (3.40%) |  |
 College and above | 24 (1.09%) | 2 (0.64%) | 22 (1.17%) |  |
Social activity | Â | Â | Â | 0.327 |
 Never | 1163 (53.1%) | 155 (49.8%) | 1008 (53.6%) |  |
 Not regularly | 261 (11.9%) | 36 (11.6%) | 225 (12.0%) |  |
 Almost Weekly | 212 (9.67%) | 28 (9.00%) | 184 (9.78%) |  |
 Almost daily | 556 (25.4%) | 92 (29.6%) | 464 (24.7%) |  |
Smoking | Â | Â | Â | 0.026* |
 Never | 1482 (67.6%) | 214 (68.8%) | 1268 (67.4%) |  |
 Quit | 268 (12.2%) | 40 (12.9%) | 228 (12.1%) |  |
 Less than 20 /day | 212 (9.67%) | 38 (12.2%) | 174 (9.25%) |  |
 More than 20 /day | 230 (10.5%) | 19 (6.11%) | 211 (11.2%) |  |
Drinking | Â | Â | Â | 0.199 |
 Never | 1422 (64.9%) | 207 (66.6%) | 1215 (64.6%) |  |
 Quit | 237 (10.8%) | 41 (13.2%) | 196 (10.4%) |  |
 Less than once/month | 116 (5.29%) | 15 (4.82%) | 101 (5.37%) |  |
 More than once/month | 417 (19.0%) | 48 (15.4%) | 369 (19.6%) |  |
Night sleep (hours) | Â | Â | Â | 0.021* |
 6–9 | 1216 (55.5%) | 150 (48.2%) | 1066 (56.7%) |  |
  < 6 | 807 (36.8%) | 132 (42.4%) | 675 (35.9%) |  |
  > =9 | 169 (7.71%) | 29 (9.32%) | 140 (7.44%) |  |
Comorbidity | Â | Â | Â | 0.425 |
 0 | 471 (21.5%) | 63 (20.3%) | 408 (21.7%) |  |
 1 | 633 (28.9%) | 83 (26.7%) | 550 (29.2%) |  |
  ≥ 2 | 1088 (49.6%) | 165 (53.1%) | 923 (49.1%) |  |
BMI |  |  |  | < 0.001 * |
 Normal | 1140 (52.0%) | 141 (45.3%) | 999 (53.1%) |  |
 Underweight | 201 (9.2%) | 34 (10.9%) | 167 (8.9%) |  |
 Overweight | 613 (28.0%) | 76 (24.4%) | 537 (28.5%) |  |
 Obese | 238 (10.9%) | 60 (19.3%) | 178 (9.46%) |  |
Self-report health |  |  |  | < 0.001* |
 Good | 200 (9.12%) | 23 (7.40%) | 177 (9.41%) |  |
 Fair | 616 (28.1%) | 71 (22.8%) | 545 (29.0%) |  |
 Poor | 877 (40.0%) | 116 (37.3%) | 761 (40.5%) |  |
 Very poor | 499 (22.8%) | 101 (32.5%) | 398 (21.2%) |  |
Depression symptoms |  |  |  | < 0.001* |
 Normal | 1180 (53.8%) | 132 (42.4%) | 1048 (55.7%) |  |
 Depression | 1012 (46.2%) | 179 (57.6%) | 833 (44.3%) |  |
Cognitive function | 9.00 [5.50;12.50] | 7.00 [4.00;10.50] | 9.50 [6.00;12.50] | < 0.001* |
Handgrip strength (kg) | 24.75 [19.48;31.50] | 22.00 [16.88;27.75] | 25.32 [20.00;32.00] | < 0.001* |
Gait speed (m/s) | 0.59 [0.45;0.73] | 0.51 [0.37;0.64] | 0.61 [0.46;0.75] | < 0.001* |
SPPB score | 8.00 [6.00;10.0] | 7.00 [5.00;9.00] | 8.00 [7.00;10.0] | < 0.001* |