Characteristics | Total (N = 1538) | Homebound (n = 42, G1) | Semi-homebound (n = 195, G2) | Non-homebound (n = 1301, G3) | F or χ2 | p values | p values for paired comparisons | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 vs G2 | G1 vs G3 | G2 vs G3 | |||||||
Age, mean (SD†), years | 77.0 (6.70) | 82.1 (6.59) | 80.1 (7.26) | 76.4 (6.41) | 40.43 | < 0.001 | 0.217 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Gender, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 13.47 | 0.001 | 0.032 | 0.001 | 0.049 |
 Female | 848 (55.1) | 33 (78.6) | 119 (61.0) | 696 (53.5) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Male | 690 (44.9) | 9 (21.4) | 76 (39.0) | 605 (46.5) |  |  |  |  |  |
Race, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 20.64 | 0.002 | 0.209 | 0.003 | 0.037 |
 White, non-Hispanic | 1174 (76.3) | 23 (54.8) | 139 (71.3) | 1012 (77.8) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Black, non-Hispanic | 263 (17.1) | 15 (35.7) | 46 (23.6) | 202 (15.5) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Hispanic | 63 (4.1) | 3 (7.1) | 7 (3.6) | 53 (4.1) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Other | 38 (2.5) | 1 (2.4) | 3 (1.5) | 34 (2.6) |  |  |  |  |  |
Education, n (%) |  |  |  |  | 25.22 | < 0.001 | 0.573 | 0.005 | 0.002 |
 Less than high school | 295 (19.3) | 16 (38.1) | 54 (27.7) | 225 (17.4) |  |  |  |  |  |
 High school graduates | 402 (26.3) | 11 (26.2) | 54 (27.7) | 337 (26.0) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Some college or vocational school | 387 (25.3) | 8 (19.0) | 43 (22.1) | 336 (26.0) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Bachelor or higher | 447 (29.2) | 7 (16.7) | 44 (22.6) | 396 (30.6) |  |  |  |  |  |
Living arrangement, n (%) |  |  |  |  | 24.86 | < 0.001 | 0.177 | 0.003 | 0.006 |
 Alone | 500 (32.5) | 17 (40.5) | 78 (40.0) | 405 (31.3) |  |  |  |  |  |
 With spouse/partner only | 690 (44.9) | 10 (23.8) | 66 (33.8) | 614 (47.2) |  |  |  |  |  |
 With others only | 208 (13.5) | 12 (28.6) | 30 (15.4) | 166 (12.8) |  |  |  |  |  |
 With spouse/partner and with others | 140 (9.1) | 3 (7.1) | 21 (10.8) | 116 (8.9) |  |  |  |  |  |
Number of ADL†difficulties, mean (SD†) | 0.17 (0.47) | 0.33 (0.61) | 0.35 (0.65) | 0.14 (0.42) | 86.87 | < 0.001 | 1.000 | 0.022 | < 0.001 |
Number of chronic illnesses, n (%) |  |  |  |  | 29.90 | < 0.001 | 0.882 | 0.058 | < 0.001 |
 0 | 138 (9.0) | 1 (2.4) | 7 (3.6) | 130 (10.0) |  |  |  |  |  |
 1–3 | 1137 (73.9) | 30 (71.4) | 133 (68.2) | 974 (74.9) |  |  |  |  |  |
 4+ | 263 (17.1) | 11 (26,2) | 55 (28.2) | 197 (15.1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Dementia, n (%) |  |  |  |  | 19.89 | < 0.001 | 0.190 | < 0.001 | 0.002 |
 Yes | 47 (3.1) | 5 (11.9) | 12 (6.2) | 30 (2.3) |  |  |  |  |  |
 No | 1491 (96.9) | 37 (88.1) | 183 (93.9) | 1271 (97.9) |  |  |  |  |  |
Anxiety symptom, n (%) |  |  |  |  | 13.01 | 0.001 | 0.382 | 0.577 | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 93 (6.1) | 3 (7.1) | 23 (11.8) | 67 (5.2) |  |  |  |  |  |
 No | 1435 (93.9) | 39 (92.9) | 172 (88.2) | 1224 (94.8) |  |  |  |  |  |
Depressive symptom, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 4.48 | 0.106 | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 98 (6.4) | 37 (92.5) | 175 (90.2) | 1224 (94.2) |  |  |  |  |  |
 No | 1436 (93.6) | 3 (7.5) | 19 (9.8) | 76 (5.9) |  |  |  |  |  |
Pain, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 4.70 | 0.095 | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 771 (50.1) | 16 (38.1) | 88 (45.1) | 663 (51.0) |  |  |  |  |  |
 No | 767 (49.9) | 26 (61.9) | 107 (54.9) | 638 (49.0) |  |  |  |  |  |
Hospitalization, n (%) |  |  |  |  | 17.94 | < 0.001 | 0.570 | 0.011 | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 282 (18.4) | 13 (31.7) | 53 (27.3) | 216 (16.6) |  |  |  |  |  |
 No | 1254 (81.6) | 28 (68.3) | 141 (72.7) | 1085 (83.4) |  |  |  |  |  |
Personality traits, mean (SD†) | |||||||||
 Conscientiousness | 3.32 (0.65) | 3.21 (0.85) | 3.14 (0.71) | 3.35 (0.63) | 9.18 | < 0.001 | 1.000 | 0.565 | < 0.001 |
 Extraversion | 3.21 (0.72) | 3.14 (0.78) | 3.11 (0.75) | 3.23 (0.71) | 2.62 | 0.073 |  |  |  |
 Neuroticism | 2.15 (0.82) | 2.10 (0.86) | 2.13 (0.87) | 2.15 (0.81) | 0.14 | 0.869 |  |  |  |
 Openness | 2.92 (0.81) | 2.67 (0.90) | 2.84 (0.86) | 2.94 (0.80) | 3.29 | 0.038 | 0.632 | 0.101 | 0.353 |
 Agreeableness | 3.60 (0.51) | 3.49 (0.66) | 3.59 (0.59) | 3.60 (0.49) | 0.98 | 0.377 |  |  |  |