Study protocol: understanding the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying delirium in older people undergoing hip fracture surgery

Table 2 Selected biomarkers for the study

Biomarkers	Blood (plasma)	Blood (PBMCs)	Cerebrospinal fluid	Muscle
Pro-inflammatory cytokines	IL-6 [S1, S2, S3] IL-8 [S1, S2, S3] IL-1β [S1, S2, S3] TNF-α [S1, S2, S3] IFNγ [S1, S2, S3]	IL-6 [S1, S2, S3] IL-8 [S1, S2, S3] IL-1β [S1, S2, S3] TNF-α [S1, S2, S3] IFNγ [S1, S2, S3]	IL-6 [S1, S2, S3] IL-8 [S1, S2, S3] IL-1β [S1, S2, S3] TNF-α [S1, S2, S3] IFNγ [S1, S2, S3]	IL-6 [S1, S2, S3] IL-8 [S1, S2, S3] IL-1β [S1, S2, S3] TNF-α [S1, S2, S3] IFNγ [S1, S2, S3]
Anti-inflammatory cytokines	IL-10 [S1, S2, S3] IL-37 [S4] TGF-β [S3]	IL-10 [S1, S2, S3] IL-37 [S4] TGF-β [S3]	IL-10 [S1, S2, S3] IL-37 [S4] TGF-β [S3]	IL-10 [S1, S2, S3] IL-37 [S4] TGF-β [S3]
Muscular damage and regeneration				Atrogin-1 [S5] MuRF-1 [S5] Myostatin [S5] Follistatin [S5] Activin [S5] Activin receptor type II [S5] Myosin heavy chain type II [S5] Myosin heavy chain type VII [S5]
Muscle differentiation				PAX7 [S5] MyoD [S5] Myogenin [S5] MYF5 [S5] MEF2A [S5]
Endothelial damage	CD-31 [S6] S-100β [S3, S7] Von Willebrand factor [S6]	CD-31 [S6] S-100β [S3, S7] Von Willebrand factor [S6]	CD-31 [S6] S-100β [S3, S7] Von Willebrand factor [S6]
Transport proteins	Albumin [S1, S2]	Albumin [S1, S2]	Albumin [S1, S2]
Immune system activation	Neopterin [S8]	Neopterin [S8]	Neopterin [S8]
Neurodegeneration	Neurofilament light chain [S9]	Neurofilament light chain [S9]	Neurofilament light chain [S9]
Stress response	Cortisol [S10, S11]		Cortisol [S10, S11]

Biomarkers coming from fluids (plasma and CSF) will be measured by protein quantification assays, while biomarkers coming from cells (PBMCs and myocytes) will be measured by mRNA expression analysis

ISSN: 1471-2318