Table 4 Multiple logistic regression model testing the association between social activities and depressive symptoms among urban and rural older adults
Social activities | Urban | Rural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | |
Interacting with friends (ref. no participant) | ||||||
 Not regularly | 0.888 | 0.600–1.315 | 0.554 | 0.929 | 0.771–1.118 | 0.436 |
 Almost every week | 0.568 | 0.337–0.955 | 0.033 | 0.995 | 0.788–1.256 | 0.966 |
 Almost daily | 0.664 | 0.453–0.973 | 0.036 | 0.847 | 0.720–0.996 | 0.044 |
Hobby groups (ref. no participant) | ||||||
 Not regularly | 0.728 | 0.459–1.155 | 0.178 | 0.811 | 0.641–1.025 | 0.080 |
 Almost every week | 0.838 | 0.503–1.397 | 0.498 | 0.683 | 0.518–0.902 | 0.007 |
 Almost daily | 0.847 | 0.549–1.308 | 0.454 | 0.567 | 0.440–0.731 | <  0.001 |
Sports groups (ref. no participant) | ||||||
 Not regularly | 1.578 | 0.680–3.661 | 0.288 | 0.893 | 0.540–1.477 | 0.660 |
 Almost every week | 0.707 | 0.263–1.903 | 0.493 | 0.783 | 0.343–1.785 | 0.560 |
 Almost daily | 0.664 | 0.445–0.991 | 0.045 | 0.506 | 0.366–0.700 | <  0.001 |
Community-related organization (ref. no participant) | ||||||
 Not regularly | 0.863 | 0.404–1.844 | 0.704 | 0.876 | 0.501–1.533 | 0.644 |
 Almost every week | 0.593 | 0.126–2.787 | 0.508 | 0.894 | 0.390–2.053 | 0.792 |
 Almost daily | 0.107 | 0.012–0.952 | 0.045 | 0.827 | 0.205–3.337 | 0.790 |
Volunteer (ref. no participant) | ||||||
 Not regularly | 0.977 | 0.638–1.497 | 0.917 | 1.072 | 0.894–1.286 | 0.453 |
 Almost every week | 2.229 | 0.912–5.450 | 0.079 | 1.144 | 0.771–1.700 | 0.504 |
 Almost daily | 2.165 | 0.966–4.854 | 0.061 | 1.066 | 0.667–1.703 | 0.789 |
 Age | 0.987 | 0.969–1.006 | 0.188 | 0.984 | 0.974–0.993 | 0.001 |
Gender (ref. male) | ||||||
 female | 1.435 | 0.995–2.069 | 0.053 | 2.046 | 1.735–2.412 | <  0.001 |
Marital status (ref. Married/cohabitating) | ||||||
 Single | 1.553 | 1.036–2.328 | 0.033 | 1.277 | 1.043–1.564 | 0.019 |
Living status (ref. Living alone) | ||||||
 Just living with spouse | 0.900 | 0.495–1.636 | 0.725 | 0.757 | 0.578–0.993 | 0.044 |
 Living with child or others | 1.346 | 0.786–2.304 | 0.272 | 0.835 | 0.686–1.018 | 0.075 |
Educational level (ref. Uneducated) | ||||||
 Primary school | 0.794 | 0.557–1.132 | 0.201 | 0.819 | 0.715–0.937 | 0.004 |
 Middle school | 0.694 | 0.487–0.991 | 0.045 | 0.596 | 0.489–0.727 | <  0.001 |
 High school and above | 0.540 | 0.369–0.788 | 0.001 | 0.552 | 0.396–0.769 | <  0.001 |
Smoking status (ref. Current /Former) | ||||||
 Never | 0.814 | 0.577–1.147 | 0.240 | 0.860 | 0.736–1.005 | 0.058 |
Alcohol drinking (ref. Yes) | ||||||
 No | 1.129 | 0.837–1.525 | 0.427 | 1.046 | 0.920–1.190 | 0.490 |
BMI (ref. Normal) | ||||||
 Underweight | 0.589 | 0.253–1.372 | 0.204 | 1.509 | 1.204–1.890 | <  0.001 |
 Overweight | 0.589 | 0.408–0.850 | 0.006 | 0.769 | 0.665–0.889 | <  0.001 |
 Obese | 0.812 | 0.487–1.356 | 0.423 | 0.604 | 0.426–0.857 | 0.006 |
ADL (ref. Completely normal) | ||||||
 Functional decline | 3.314 | 2.355–4.662 | <  0.001 | 2.906 | 2.575–3.279 | <  0.001 |
Chronic diseases (ref. 0) | ||||||
 1 | 1.765 | 1.090–2.859 | 0.021 | 1.566 | 1.277–1.920 | <  0.001 |
  ≥ 2 | 3.289 | 2.104–5.141 | <  0.001 | 2.391 | 2.015–2.837 | <  0.001 |
Satisfaction with relationship of child (ref. Satisfied) | ||||||
 Fair | 1.930 | 1.034–3.603 | 0.039 | 1.151 | 0.861–1.537 | 0.340 |