Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the sample by poverty status and ethnicity
Demographic characteristics | Malay (n = 1380) | Non-Malay (n = 816) | Chi-square | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-hardcore poor (n = 877) | Hardcore poor (n = 503) | Non-hardcore poor (n = 521) | Hardcore poor (n = 295) | |||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
Sex | ||||||
Men | 478 (54.5) | 213 (42.3) | 254 (48.8) | 96 (32.5) | 49.406 | < 0.001 |
Women | 399 (45.5) | 290 (57.7) | 267 (51.2) | 199 (67.5) | ||
Age | ||||||
60–70 years old | 618 (70.5) | 274 (54.5) | 339 (65.1) | 149 (50.5) | 57.248 | < 0.001 |
71 years and above | 259 (29.5) | 229 (45.5) | 182 (34.9) | 146 (49.5) | ||
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 638 (72.7) | 274 (54.5) | 385 (73.9) | 197 (66.8) | 59.940 | < 0.001 |
Not married (never marry, widowed, divorced, separated) | 239 (27.3) | 229 (45.5) | 136 (26.1) | 98 (33.2) | ||
Education level | ||||||
Primary education and above | 760 (86.7) | 342 (68.0) | 449 (86.2) | 174 (59.0) | 152.552 | < 0.001 |
No formal education | 117 (13.3) | 161 (32.0) | 72 (13.8) | 121 (41.0) | ||
Employment status | ||||||
Currently working | 256 (29.6) | 95 (18.9) | 114 (22.1) | 30 (10.2) | 53.756 | < 0.001 |
Currently not working | 610 (70.4) | 407 (81.1) | 401 (77.9) | 265 (89.8) | ||
Living arrangement | ||||||
Living with others | 823 (93.8) | 416 (82.7) | 465 (89.2) | 254 (86.1) | 44.457 | < 0.001 |
Living alone | 54 (6.2) | 87 (17.3) | 56 (10.7) | 41 (13.9) | ||