| Physical frailty (n = 1243 yes) | Psychological frailty (n = 896 yes) | Social frailty (3 items, cutoff = 2) (n = 673 yes) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | P-value | OR (95%CI) | P-value | OR (95%CI) | P-value | |
Age (years) | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | < 0.001 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.408 | 1.02 (0.10–1.04) | 0.143 |
Sex (female vs. male) | 2.17 (1.73–2.72) | < 0.001 | 1.83 (1.47–2.29) | < 0.001 | 0.91 (0.70–1.20) | 0.507 |
Country |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 |  | < 0.001 |
 Spain vs. the Netherlands | 1.40 (0.98–1.99) | 0.067 | 1.93 (1.34–2.78) | < 0.001 | 0.53 (0.35–0.81) | 0.004 |
 Greece vs. the Netherlands | 2.20 (1.48–3.28) | < 0.001 | 5.35 (3.59–7.95) | < 0.001 | 1.84 (1.17–2.90) | 0.009 |
 Croatia vs. the Netherlands | 3.19 (2.24–4.54) | < 0.001 | 3.92 (2.79–5.51) | < 0.001 | 1.33 (0.91–1.94) | 0.148 |
 United Kingdom vs. the Netherlands | 1.10 (0.80–1.51) | 0.558 | 1.22 (0.87–1.71) | 0.244 | 0.52 (0.37–0.75) | < 0.001 |
Migration background (yes vs. no) | 1.05 (0.72–1.54) | 0.792 | 0.98 (0.69–1.41) | 0.922 | 0.88 (0.57–1.34) | 0.550 |
Education level |  | < 0.001 |  | 0.010 |  | 0.037 |
 Secondary or equivalent vs. primary or less | 2.12 (1.42–3.17) | < 0.001 | 1.85 (1.24–2.78) | 0.003 | 1.09 (0.68–1.75) | 0.714 |
 Tertiary or higher vs. primary or less | 1.38 (0.96–1.99) | 0.086 | 1.43 (0.98–2.07) | 0.063 | 0.72 (0.47–1.11) | 0.135 |
Household composition (living alone vs. living with others) | 0.80 (0.64–0.10) | 0.048 | 0.90 (0.72–1.12) | 0.334 | 15.54 (11.81–20.44) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol risk (yes vs. no) | 0.67 (0.54–0.84) | 0.001 | 0.85 (0.67–1.07) | 0.158 | 1.00 (0.76–1.31) | 0.971 |
Physical activity (once a week or less vs. more than once a week) | 3.58 (2.81–4.57) | < 0.001 | 2.02 (1.63–2.50) | < 0.001 | 1.51 (1.17–2.00) | 0.002 |
Smoking (yes vs. no) | 1.45 (0.99–2.11) | 0.055 | 0.92 (0.63–1.34) | 0.669 | 0.87 (0.57–1.35) | 0.541 |
Multi-morbidity (yes vs. no) | 2.09 (1.41–3.08) | < 0.001 | 1.32 (0.90–1.92) | 0.155 | 1.75 (1.06–2.88) | 0.028 |
Medication risk (MRQ-10; scores) | 1.35 (1.26–1.44) | < 0.001 | 1.15 (1.08–1.22) | < 0.001 | 1.1 (1.03–1.19) | 0.005 |
Malnutrition (SNAQ-65+; yes vs. no) | 2.53 (1.86–3.43) | < 0.001 | 1.76 (1.35–2.29) | < 0.001 | 1.21 (0.89–1.66) | 0.226 |