Decline in independence after three years and its association with dietary patterns and IADL-related factors in community-dwelling older people: an analysis by age stage and sex

Kodama, Sayuri; Hoshi, Tanji; Kurimori, Sugako

doi:10.1186/s12877-021-02332-5

Table 2 Relationship between baselines characteristics and independence 3 years later

From: Decline in independence after three years and its association with dietary patterns and IADL-related factors in community-dwelling older people: an analysis by age stage and sex

	All participants (n = 2250)					Earlier-stage (n = 1545)					Later-stage (n = 705)
Baseline characteristics	High independence		Low independence			High independence		Low independence			High independence		Low independence
Baseline characteristics	n	%	n	%	P value	n	%	n	%	P value	n	%	n	%	P value
Sex	1565	69.6	685	30.4		1108	71.7	437	28.3		457	64.8	248	35.2
Men	809	62.5	485	37.5	< 0.001	547	63.4	316	36.6	< 0.001	262	60.8	169	39.2	0.003
Women	756	79.1	200	20.9	< 0.001	561	82.3	121	17.7	< 0.001	195	71.2	79	28.8	0.003
Household status
Living alon	213	72.0	83	28.0	0.344	134	76.6	41	23.4	0.154	79	65.3	42	34.7	1.000
Living alon, No	1352	69.2	602	30.8	0.344	974	71.1	396	28.9	0.154	378	64.7	206	35.3	1.000
Economic satisfaction
Satisfied	414	71.6	164	28.4	0.093	276	76.2	86	23.8	0.046	138	63.9	78	36.1	0.596
Moderate satisfied	873	69.6	382	30.4		611	70.7	253	29.3		262	67.0	129	33.0
Not very satisfied	225	67.2	110	32.8		173	68.1	81	31.9		52	64.2	29	35.8
Not satisfied	53	64.6	29	35.4		48	73.8	17	26.2		5	29.4	12	70.6
Salaried employee
Yes	336	72.9	125	27.1	0.045	258	73.1	95	26.9	0.281	78	72.2	30	27.8	0.049
No	1229	68.7	560	31.3	0.045	850	71.3	342	28.7	0.281	379	63.5	218	36.5	0.049
Hospitalization over the past year
Yes	160	62.7	95	37.3	0.008	103	63.6	59	36.4	0.011	57	61.3	36	38.7	0.257
No	1405	70.4	590	29.6	0.008	1005	72.7	378	27.3	0.011	400	65.4	212	34.6	0.257
Subjective health
Excellent	297	76.5	91	23.5	< 0.001	217	78.3	60	21.7	0.005	4	44.4	5	55.6	< 0.001
Somewhat healthy	1185	69.4	523	30.6		826	70.6	344	29.4		14	29.8	33	70.2
Somewhat unhealthy	67	54.0	57	46.0		53	68.8	24	31.2		359	66.7	179	33.3
Unhealthy	16	53.3	14	46.7		12	57.1	9	42.9		80	72.1	31	27.9
Life satisfaction
Satisfied	1316	71.0	538	29.0	0.001	927	73.0	343	27.0	0.017	389	66.6	195	33.4	0.025
Neither nor	209	63.3	121	36.7		151	65.7	79	34.3		58	58.0	42	42.0
Not satisfied	40	60.6	26	39.4		30	66.7	15	33.3		10	47.6	11	52.4
BMI categories
BMI < 18.5	58	59.2	40	40.8	0.107	34	64.2	19	35.8	0.240	24	53.3	21	46.7	0.121
18.5 < BMI < 25.0	1227	70.5	514	29.5		871	72.6	328	27.4		357	65.7	186	34.3
25.0 < BMI < 30.0	262	68.1	123	31.9		195	70.1	83	29.9		67	62.6	40	37.4
30.0 < BMI	18	69.2	8	30.8		8	53.3	7	46.7		9	90.0	1	10.0
Exercise frequency, enjoyment & fulfillment (E&F)
3 times < / week, E&F	794	71.5	316	28.5	0.147	564	72.6	213	27.4	0.896	230	69.1	103	30.9	0.039
3 times < / week	104	69.8	45	30.2		67	71.3	27	28.7		37	67.3	18	32.7
2 times > / week, E&F	406	68.5	187	31.5		287	70.9	118	29.1		119	63.3	69	36.7
2 times > / week	261	65.6	137	34.4		190	70.6	79	29.4		71	55.0	58	45.0
Fall fractures in the past year
Yes	155	58.7	109	41.3	< 0.001	99	61.9	61	38.1	0.003	56	53.8	48	46.2	0.008
`No	1410	71.0	576	29.0	< 0.001	1009	72.9	376	27.1	0.003	401	66.7	200	33.3	0.008
Cigarette smoking status
Current	51	58.0	37	42.0	< 0.001	40	55.6	32	44.4	< 0.001	11	68.8	5	31.2	0.433
Former	493	63.0	289	37.0		340	63.3	197	36.7		153	62.4	92	37.6
Never	1021	74.0	359	26.0		728	77.8	208	22.2		293	66.0	151	34.0
Community and volunteer activity engagement
Yes	877	75.3	288	24.7	< 0.001	608	77.7	174	22.3	< 0.001	269	70.2	114	29.8	< 0.001
Sometimes, No	688	63.4	397	36.6	< 0.001	500	65.5	263	34.5	< 0.001	188	58.4	134	41.6	< 0.001

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ISSN: 1471-2318

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