Table 3 Logistic regression estimates for cognitive impairment by background characteristics among older adults in India

Smoking tobacco

 No

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

1.15*(1.01,1.31)

1.24*(1.02,1.49)

1.22*(1.01,1.47)

Chewing tobacco

 No

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

1.62*(1.46,1.8)

0.93(0.80,1.08)

0.92(0.81,1.08)

Alcohol consumption

 No

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

0.89(0.75,1.06)

1.30*(1.02,1.65)

1.28*(1.01–1.63)

Age (years)

 60–69

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 70–79

1.47*(1.28,1.69)

1.47*(1.29,1.69)

1.47*(1.29,1.69)

1.47*(1.29,1.69)

 80+

1.97*(1.57,2.47)

1.95*(1.55,2.45)

1.95*(1.55,2.45)

1.95*(1.55,2.45)

Sex

 Men

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Women

1.26*(1.08,1.46)

1.26*(1.08,1.46)

1.25*(1.08,1.45)

1.25*(1.08,1.45)

Education

 No education

3.42*(2.59,4.5)

3.41*(2.59,4.5)

3.42*(2.59,4.5)

3.42*(2.59,4.5)

 Below 5 years

2.60*(1.98,3.4)

2.59*(1.97,3.39)

2.59*(1.98,3.39)

2.59*(1.98,3.39)

 6–10 years

1.38*(1.08,1.77)

1.39*(1.08,1.78)

1.39*(1.08,1.78)

1.39*(1.08,1.78)

 11 + years

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Working status

 Yes

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 No

1.23*(1.06,1.42)

1.24*(1.07,1.43)

1.23*(1.06,1.43)

1.23*(1.06,1.43)

 Retired

0.89(0.71,1.13)

0.90(0.71,1.14)

0.90(0.71,1.14)

0.90(0.71,1.14)

Marital Status

 Currently in Union

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Not in Union

1.14*(1,1.31)

1.14(0.99,1.3)

1.14(0.99,1.3)

1.14(0.99,1.3)

Community involvement

 Yes

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 No

1.13(0.98,1.31)

1.14(0.99,1.32)

1.14(0.99,1.32)

1.14(0.99,1.32)

Trust over someone

 Yes

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 No

1.22*(1.04,1.44)

1.22*(1.03,1.43)

1.22*(1.03,1.43)

1.22*(1.03,1.43)

Living arrangement

 Others

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Living alone/with spouse

0.94(0.81,1.09)

0.93(0.81,1.08)

0.93(0.81,1.08)

0.93(0.81,1.08)

Self-rated health

 Good

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Poor

1.50*(1.34,1.69)

1.49*(1.32,1.67)

1.49*(1.32,1.67)

1.49*(1.32,1.67)

Chronic morbidity

 No

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

1.36*(1.20,1.54)

1.36*(1.20,1.54)

1.36*(1.20,1.54)

1.36*(1.20,1.54)

ADL

 High

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Low

1.97*(1.49,2.59)

1.95*(1.48,2.56)

1.95*(1.48,2.56)

1.95*(1.48,2.56)

IADL

 High

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Low

1.27*(1.12,1.44)

1.26*(1.11,1.43)

1.26*(1.11,1.43)

1.26*(1.11,1.43)

Caste

 Non-SC/ST

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 SC/ST

1.08(0.94,1.21)

1.11(0.95,1.27)

1.11(0.95,1.27)

1.11(0.95,1.27)

Religion

 Hindu

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Muslim

0.87(0.68,1.11)

0.87(0.68,1.1)

0.87(0.68,1.11)

0.87(0.68,1.11)

 Others

1.14(0.94,1.38)

1.13(0.93,1.36)

1.13(0.93,1.36)

1.13(0.93,1.36)

Wealth index

 Rich

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Middle

1.38*(1.18,1.61)

1.38*(1.18,1.61)

1.38*(1.18,1.61)

1.38*(1.18,1.61)

 Poor

1.6*(1.36,1.9)

1.58*(1.34,1.86)

1.58*(1.34,1.86)

1.58*(1.34,1.86)

Place of residence

 Urban

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Rural

1.02(0.9,1.14)

1.02(0.9,1.15)

1.02(0.9,1.15)

1.02(0.9,1.15)

States

 Himachal Pradesh

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Punjab

0.98(0.75,1.29)

0.98(0.75,1.29)

0.98(0.75,1.29)

0.98(0.75,1.29)

 West Bengal

4.21*(3.23,5.49)

4.28*(3.28,5.59)

4.28*(3.28,5.58)

4.28*(3.28,5.58)

 Orissa

1.61*(1.26,2.06)

1.63*(1.27,2.08)

1.63*(1.28,2.08)

1.63*(1.28,2.08)

 Maharashtra

1.17(0.94,1.47)

1.11(0.89,1.39)

1.10(0.88,1.38)

1.10(0.88,1.38)

 Kerala

2.29*(1.81,2.9)

2.35*(1.85,2.97)

2.34*(1.85,2.96)

2.34*(1.85,2.96)

 Tamil Nadu

0.58*(0.46,0.73)

0.60*(0.48,0.75)

0.60*(0.48,0.75)

0.60*(0.48,0.75)

Smoking tobacco # Alcohol consumption

 No # No

Ref.

 No # Yes

1.39(0.93,2.07)

 Yes # No

1.24*(1.01,1.52)

 Yes # Yes

1.56*(1.21,2)

Chewing tobacco # Alcohol consumption

 No # No

Ref.

 No # Yes

1.28(0.96,1.7)

 Yes # No

0.92(0.78,1.08)

 Yes # Yes

1.26(0.9,1.78)

Smoking tobacco # chewing tobacco

 No # No

Ref.

 No # Yes

0.90(0.77–1.08)

 Yes # No

1.17(0.95–1.43)

 Yes # Yes

1.15(0.82–1.60)