Table 3 Demographic data and ICHOM Standard Set Older Person outcome measures by sex, age, and cognitive performance status
From: First insights on value-based healthcare of elders using ICHOM older person standard set reporting
Data values show mean ± standard deviation or number (percent) | Sex | Age (years) | MoCAadj | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | Male | p | < 75 | ≥75 | p | ≥26 | < 26 | p | |
Demographics and health-related factors | |||||||||
Number | 177 | 122 | 184 | 115 | 145 | 154 | |||
Age (years) | 73.3 ± 6.3 | 73.3 ± 7.0 | 0.957 | 68.9 ± 2.7 | 80.3 ± 4.6 | < 0.001 | 71.3 ± 5.5 | 75.1 ± 7.0 | < 0.001 |
Male | 0 (0) | 122 (100) | < 0.001 | 75 (40.8) | 47 (40.9) | 0.985 | 57 (39.3) | 65 (42.2) | 0.61 |
Education (years) | 6.9 ± 4.4 | 8.8 ± 4.8 | 0.001 | 8.3 ± 4.3 | 6.5 ± 5.0 | 0.001 | 9.3 ± 4.0 | 6.0 ± 4.7 | < 0.001 |
Smoke tobacco | 6 (3.4) | 38 (31.2) | < 0.001 | 29 (15.8) | 15 (13.0) | 0.519 | 21 (14.5) | 23 (14.9) | 0.912 |
Drink alcohol | 7 (4.0) | 30 (24.6) | < 0.001 | 25 (13.6) | 12 (10.4) | 0.421 | 24 (16.6) | 13 (8.4) | 0.033 |
Exercise (≥30 min, ≥3 times/week) | 31 (17.5) | 20 (16.4) | 0.8 | 37 (20.1) | 14 (12.2) | 0.076 | 24 (16.6) | 27 (17.5) | 0.822 |
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (adjusted)a | 23.8 ± 5.5 | 23.7 ± 5.6 | 0.778 | 25.2 ± 4.6 | 21.5 ± 6.2 | < 0.001 | 28.2 ± 1.6 | 19.5 ± 4.6 | < 0.001 |
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (adjusted)a < 26 | 89 (50.3) | 65 (53.3) | 0.61 | 75 (40.8) | 79 (68.7) | < 0.001 | 0 (0.0) | 154 (100.0) | < 0.001 |
Charlson Comorbidity Index | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 0.722 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 0.517 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 1.2 ± 1.1 | 0.237 |
Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥2 | 48 (27.1) | 42 (34.4) | 0.176 | 60 (32.6) | 30 (26.1) | 0.232 | 42 (29.0) | 48 (31.2) | 0.678 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 3.7 | 25.8 ± 3.5 | 0.039 | 25.8 ± 3.4 | 24.4 ± 3.9 | 0.002 | 25.3 ± 3.3 | 25.2 ± 3.9 | 0.930 |
ICHOM Standard Set Older Person Tier 1 | |||||||||
Clinical frailty scale | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 0.838 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
Frail | 22 (12.4) | 13 (10.7) | 0.639 | 13 (7.1) | 22 (19.1) | 0.002 | 5 (3.5) | 30 (19.5) | < 0.001 |
Preferred place of death chosen | 30 (17.0) | 13 (10.7) | 0.128 | 29 (15.8) | 14 (12.2) | 0.390 | 19 (13.1) | 24 (15.6) | 0.541 |
Do Not Resuscitate signed | 15 (8.5) | 6 (4.9) | 0.237 | 17 (9.2) | 4 (3.5) | 0.058 | 15 (10.3) | 6 (3.9) | 0.029 |
ICHOM Standard Set Older Person Tier 2 | |||||||||
Number of drugs | 3.4 ± 2.6 | 3.8 ± 2.7 | 0.207 | 3.2 ± 2.6 | 4.2 ± 2.7 | 0.001 | 3.5 ± 2.7 | 3.7 ± 2.7 | 0.436 |
Polypharmacy (≥5 concurrent drugs) | 53 (29.9) | 42 (34.4) | 0.413 | 49 (26.6) | 46 (40.0) | 0.016 | 43 (29.7) | 52 (33.8) | 0.445 |
Number of adverse drug events | 0.0 ± 0.2 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.839 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.289 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.181 |
Episodes of discomfort after medications | 0.0 ± 0.2 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.599 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.103 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.103 |
Fell | 34 (19.2) | 17 (13.9) | 0.233 | 27 (14.7) | 24 (20.9) | 0.166 | 24 (16.6) | 27 (17.5) | 0.822 |
Number of falls | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.131 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.672 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.877 |
Hospital admissions | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.871 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 0.657 |
Length of hospital stay (days) | 0.5 ± 2.6 | 2.0 ± 4.8 | 0.003 | 1.0 ± 3.5 | 1.3 ± 4.1 | 0.486 | 0.9 ± 2.7 | 1.3 ± 4.5 | 0.286 |
Able to cope with own health | 162 (91.5) | 114 (93.4) | 0.541 | 172 (93.5) | 104 (90.4) | 0.337 | 138 (95.2) | 138 (89.6) | 0.071 |
Participate in care decision-making | 163 (92.1) | 113 (92.6) | 0.865 | 168 (91.3) | 108 (93.9) | 0.410 | 135 (93.1) | 141 (91.6) | 0.616 |
Treated with dignity and respect | 170 (96.1) | 119 (97.5) | 0.48 | 178 (96.7) | 111 (96.5) | 0.919 | 142 (97.9) | 147 (95.5) | 0.234 |
Received coordinated care | 163 (92.1) | 107 (87.7) | 0.208 | 159 (86.4) | 111 (96.5) | 0.004 | 132 (91.0) | 138 (89.6) | 0.678 |
Discharged to place of choice | 176 (99.4) | 120 (98.4) | 0.36 | 183 (99.5) | 113 (98.3) | 0.313 | 144 (99.3) | 152 (98.7) | 0.597 |
Overall participation in decision-making | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 0.863 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 0.353 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.8 | 0.175 |
High participation (≥5 components) | 150 (84.8) | 94 (77.1) | 0.091 | 147 (79.9) | 97 (84.4) | 0.333 | 122 (84.1) | 122 (79.2) | 0.273 |
ICHOM Standard Set Older Person Tier 3 | |||||||||
UCLA Loneliness Scale | 30.7 ± 10.2 | 31.3 ± 9.8 | 0.611 | 30.4 ± 9.4 | 31.8 ± 11.0 | 0.232 | 28.4 ± 8.3 | 33.4 ± 11.0 | < 0.001 |
Loneliness | 46 (26.0) | 34 (27.9) | 0.718 | 46 (25.0) | 34 (29.6) | 0.386 | 22 (15.2) | 58 (37.7) | < 0.001 |
Activities of daily living | 7.5 ± 1.3 | 7.2 ± 1.5 | 0.08 | 7.6 ± 1.1 | 7.1 ± 1.7 | 0.002 | 7.8 ± 0.8 | 7.1 ± 1.8 | < 0.001 |
Any limitation of activities of daily living | 29 (16.4) | 38 (31.2) | 0.003 | 29 (15.8) | 38 (33.0) | < 0.001 | 19 (13.1) | 48 (31.2) | < 0.001 |
Walking speed (m/s) | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.514 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
Slowness (6-m walk < 0.8 m/s) | 68 (38.4) | 47 (38.5) | 0.985 | 54 (29.4) | 61 (53.0) | < 0.001 | 32 (22.1) | 83 (53.9) | < 0.001 |
Moderate pain | 21 (11.9) | 10 (8.2) | 0.307 | 15 (8.2) | 16 (13.9) | 0.112 | 16 (11.0) | 15 (9.7) | 0.714 |
Depression | 25 (14.1) | 14 (11.5) | 0.504 | 19 (10.3) | 20 (17.4) | 0.078 | 16 (11.0) | 23 (14.9) | 0.317 |
Value-based health score | 7.3 ± 1.9 | 7.1 ± 1.8 | 0.312 | 7.6 ± 1.6 | 6.7 ± 2.1 | < 0.001 | 7.8 ± 1.5 | 6.8 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
High value-based health | 60 (33.9) | 29 (23.8) | 0.06 | 63 (34.2) | 26 (22.6) | 0.032 | 57 (39.3) | 32 (20.8) | 0.001 |