Authors | Study design | Ages (exercise, control) | Participants | Exercise intervention | CP | Control | Cases (exercise, control) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barnett, 2003 [32], Australia | RCT; study duration: 1 yr | 74.4 ± 4.9, 75.4 ± 6.0 | 163 older people | 1 h weekly of structured exercise, including balance, coordination, aerobic capacity and muscle strength training, plus home exercise | 62.2% | Usual lifestyle | 22, 28 |
Bischoff-Ferrari, 2010 [12], Switzerland | RCT; study duration: 12 mos | 83.4 ± 7.2, 85.1 ± 6.5 | 173 patients with acute hip fracture | Daily 60 mins of balance and strength training during acute care, continuing the programme at home after discharge | 69.0% | Usual care | 9, 16 |
Campbell, 1997 [17], New Zealand | RCT; training for 1 yr, following-up for 2 yrs | 83.4 ± 2.7, 84.3 ± 3.3 | 233 older women | 30 mins of home-based programme of strength and balance retraining exercises, plus walking, 3 times per wk | NS | Usual activity levels | 27, 43 |
El-Khoury, 2015 [19], France | RCT; study duration: 2 yrs | 79.8 ± 2.8, 79.6 ± 2.8 | 706 older women | Weekly supervised progressive balance training, supplemented by six weekly individually prescribed home exercises | NS | No intervention | 305, 397 |
Elley, 2008 [20], New Zealand | RCT; study duration: 1 yr | 80.4 ± 4.8, 81.1 ± 5.3 | 312 older people | Daily strength and balance exercise | NS | Social visits | 170, 156 |
Fitzharris, 2010 [21], Germany | RCT; study duration: 3.8 mos | 76.1 | 1090 older people | Weekly strength and balance exercise class of 1 h for 15 weeks, supplemented by daily home exercises. | NS | No intervention | 358, 446 |
Freiberger, 2012 [22], Germany | RCT; training for 12 mos and following-up for 24 mos | 76.1 ± 4.1 | 280 older people fallen in the past 6 months | 1 h of strength and balance training, or plus strength training and balance exercises, or plus endurance training, 2 times per wk | 84% | No intervention | 26, 35 |
Haines, 2009 [23], Australia | RCT; study duration: 6 mos | 80.9 ± 8.9, 80.5 ± 6.5 | 53 adults with gait instability | Exercise programme combining lower limb strength and balance exercises | NS | Usual care | 15, 32 |
Iliffe, 2014 [24], UK | RCT; training for 6 mos, following-up for 1 yr | 72.9 ± 6.1&72.8 ± 5.8, 73.1 ± 6.2 | 1256 older people | Group exercise: 1 h of strength training, plus 2 times of walking per wk.; home exercise: 3 times per wk. of muscle strengthening and balance exercises plus 2 times of walking | NS | Usual lifestyle | 111, 88 |
Iwamoto, 2009 [33], Japan | RCT; study duration: 5 mos | 74.6 ± 5.6, 78.2 ± 5.6 | 68 older people | 30 mins of calisthenics, body balance training, muscle power training, and walking ability training, 3 times per wk | 100% | No intervention | 0, 4 |
Kim, 2014 [25], Japan | RCT; training for 3 mos, following-up for 1 yr | 77.8 ± 4.2, 78.0 ± 4.2 | 105 older adults with a fall history | 60 mins of muscle strength and balance training, 2 times per wk | 75.3% | No intervention | 8, 13 |
Li, 2005 [34], US | RCT; training for 26 wks, following-up for 1 yr | 76.9 ± 4.7, 78.0 ± 5.1 | 256 older people | 1 h of Tai Chi exercise, 3 times per wk | 80.0% | No intervention | 7, 17 |
Luukinen, 2007 [26], Finland | RCT; study duration: 2 yrs | 88.0 ± 3.0, 88.0 ± 3.0 | 484 older people with a fall history | 5–15 repetitions of daily home exercise or group exercise, including walking exercises or self-care exercises | NS | No intervention | 39, 41 |
MacRae, 1994 [35], US | RCT; study duration: 12 mos | 72.4 ± 0.9, 70.0 ± 0.9 | 80 older people | 1 h of strength and balance exercise, 3 times per wk | NS | Safety Education | 0, 3 |
Means, 2005 [27], US | RCT; training for 6 wks, following-up for 6 mos | 73.5 | 338 older people | 90 mins of active stretching, postural control, endurance walking, and repetitive muscle co-ordination exercises | NS | No intervention | 15, 21 |
Pang, 2018 [28], China | RCT; 8-wk training and 6-mon follow-up | 68.1 ± 9.0 vs 69.6 ± 10.8 | 84 stroke survivors | 3 weekly 60-mins of balance and dynamic mobility training programme | 93 | Sham exercise | 1, 6 |
Patil 2015 [29], Finland | RCT; study duration: 2 yrs | 74.4 ± 2.9, 74.0 ± 3.1 | 409 older women with a history of falls | Twice weekly balance, weight bearing, strengthening, and functional exercises for the first 12 mos, and once weekly group and home exercise for remaining 12 mos | 73% & 66% | Usual physical activity | 115, 111 |
Reinsch, 1992 [36], US | RCT; study duration: 1 yr | 73.3 ± 7.9, 75.9 ± 7.3 | 230 older people | 1 h of stand-up/step-up exercises to improve strength and balance, 3 times per wk | NS | No intervention | 11, 12 |
Robertson, 2001 [37], New Zealand | RCT; study duration: 1 yr | 80.8 ± 3.8, 81.1 ± 4.5 | 240 older people | Muscle strengthening and balance exercise, 3 times a wk., plus a walking programme, 2 times a wk., training for 12 mos | 71.0% | Usual care | 42, 49 |
Rosendahl, 2008 [38], Sweden | RCT; training for 3 mos, following-up for 6 mos | 85.3 ± 6.1, 84.2 ± 6.8 | 191 older people | 29 sessions of progressively high intensity weight-bearing exercise to improve lower-limb strength, balance and gait ability | NS | The control activity program | 64, 81 |
Schnelle, 2003 [39], US | RCT; study duration: 8 mos | 87.3 ± 8, 88.6 ± 6.7 | 190 older people | 5 sessions of walking or repeating sit-to-stand up, 5 days per wk | NS | Usual care | 13, 21 |
Smulders, 2010 [40], Netherlands | RCT; training for 3 mos, following-up for 1 yr | 70.5 ± 5.0, 71.6 ± 4.4 | 96 older people with fall history | Weight-bearing and walking exercises, and gait correction and fall prevention training programmes | 92.8% | Usual lifestyle | 20, 33 |
Taylor-Piliae, 2014 [30], US | RCT; study duration: 12 wks | 71.5 ± 10.3, 68.2 ± 10.3 | 145 survivors of stroke | 1 h of Taichi exercise, 3 times per wk | 82.0% | Usual care | 9, 13 |
Uusi-Rasi, 2015 [31], Finland | RCT; Study duration: 2 yrs | 74.8 ± 2.9, 73.8 ± 3.1 | 409 women with a history of fall | Balance challenging, weight bearing, strengthening, and functional exercises, plus home-training program | 72.8% | Take placebo | 12, 26 |
von Stengel, 2009 [41], Germany | RCT; study duration: 18 mos | 68.6 ± 3.0, 68.1 ± 2.7 | 151 postmenopausal women | Resistance training, plus impact and aerobic weight-bearing exercises, 4 days per wk | 75.0% | Light physical exercises | 17, 24 |