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Table 3 Results of the logistic regression analyses on the associated factors with physical, cognitive, psychological, and social frailty

From: A four-domain approach of frailty explored in the Doetinchem Cohort Study

 

Physically frail

Psychologically frail

Cognitively frail

Socially frail

Variables

Model 1d OR (95% CI)

Model 2e OR (95% CI)

Model 1 OR (95% CI)

Model 2 OR (95% CI)

Model 1 OR (95% CI)

Model 2 OR (95% CI)

Model 1 OR (95% CI)

Model 2 OR (95% CI)

Socio-demographic

Women

1.10 (0.71 1.68)

 

1.67 (1.26 2.21)

1.90 (1.37 2.63)

0.29 (0.22 0.39)

0.26 (0.19 0.36)

0.69 (0.49 0.95)

0.59 (0.41 0.85)

Age

 40–49 yra

1

1

1

 

-

-

1

 

 50–59 yra

1.61 (0.53 4.92)

1.93 (0.53 7.04)

1.02 (0.70 1.49)

 

1

1

1.10 (0.65 1.86)

 

 60–69 yr

1.23 (0.40 3.76)

1.79 (0.48 6.62)

0.70 (0.44 1.10)

 

1.35 (0.89 2.06)

1.28 (0.82 2.00)

0.97 (0.53 1.78)

 

 70–81 yr

3.00 (1.00 9.07)

3.89 (1.05 14.42)

0.50 (0.29 0.86)

 

3.91 (2.50 6.12)

3.32 (2.06 5.35)

1.46 (0.76 2.80)

 

Level of education

 Low

1.58 (0.94 2.66)

0.88 (0.49 1.57)

1.88 (1.31 2.71)

1.52 (1.03 2.24)

1.49 (1.08 2.06)

 

2.24 (1.42 3.54)

2.06 (1.27 3.34)

 Intermediate

0.60 (0.30 1.22)

0.42 (0.21 0.95)

1.20 (0.80 1.78)

0.93 (0.60 1.43)

1.15 (0.81 1.64)

 

1.56 (0.95 2.56)

1.31 (0.77 2.23)

 High

1

1

1

1

1

 

1

1

Married

0.36 (0.18 0.72)

 

0.30 (0.21 0.45)

0.34 (0.22 0.55)

0.74 (0.42 1.31)

 

0.48 (0.28 0.82)

0.47 (0.26 0.87)

Living alone

0.80 (0.38 1.70)

 

0.82 (0.52 1.30)

 

1.13 (0.62 2.07)

 

1.04 (0.57 1.91)

 

Paid job

0.11 (0.04 0.26)

0.16 (0.07 0.41)

0.69 (0.49 0.98)

 

0.42 (0.28 0.64)

0.36 (0.23 0.56)

0.66 (0.42 1.04)

 

Lifestyle

Current smoking

2.55 (1.60 4.07)

3.18 (1.87 5.42)

1.93 (1.43 2.59)

1.92 (1.37 2.67)

1.53 (1.08 2.17)

 

1.25 (0.84 1.86)

 

Healthy diet

0.79 (0.67 0.94)

0.78 (0.64 0.94)

1.06 (0.95 1.18)

 

0.87 (0.78 0.97)

0.88 (0.79 0.99)

1.00 (0.88 1.14)

 

Physically active

0.22 (0.14 0.32)

0.32 (0.20 0.51)

0.62 (0.47 0.82)

0.71 (0.52 0.98)

0.50 (0.38 0.66)

0.60 (0.40 0.82)

0.58 (0.42 0.82)

0.60 (0.41 0.86)

Sleep duration

 ≤ 5 h

2.97 (1.51 5.84)

2.44 (1.10 5.43)

4.14 (2.62 6.55)

4.25 (2.58 6.98)

1.36 (0.75 2.46)

 

2.89 (1.66 5.05)

3.11 (1.73 5.60)

 6 h

1.84 (1.11 3.05)

1.54 (0.86 2.75)

2.36 (1.73 3.22)

2.39 (1.72 3.34)

1.20 (0.85 1.69)

 

1.55 (1.04 2.31)

1.38 (0.89 2.14)

 7 or 8 h

1

1

1

1

1

 

1

1

 ≥ 9 h

2.36 (1.32 4.21)

1.66 (0.86 3.22)

2.42 (1.50 3.91)

2.11 (1.24 3.59)

1.40 (0.90 2.15)

 

1.93 (1.13 3.30)

1.71 (0.96 3.05)

Alcohol consumption

 Never

1

1

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Not anymore

1.38 (0.62 3.06)

1.46 (0.59 3.60)

1.61 (0.84 3.06)

 

0.86 (0.43 1.73)

 

1.14 (0.48 2.68)

 

 Low (<1 glass/wk)

0.54 (0.30 0.97)

0.55 (0.27 1.12)

0.70 (0.46 1.08)

 

0.60 (0.37 0.96)

 

0.97 (0.56 1.70)

 

 Frequent (≥1 glasses/wk)

0.40 (0.24 0.68)

0.53 (0.29 0.98)

0.65 (0.44 0.96)

 

0.60 (0.40 0.91)

 

0.78 (0.47 1.31)

 

Life events

Widowed

0.51 (0.17 1.54)

 

1.48 (0.74 2.97)

 

0.60 (0.25 1.42)

 

0.51 (0.17 1.48)

 

Divorcedb

0.76 (0.10 5.95)

 

1.30 (0.62 2.74)

 

-

 

2.15 (0.89 5.17)

 

Biological risk factors and chronic disease

BMI

 Normal (<25 kg/m2)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Overweight (25–30 kg/m2)

0.67 (0.39 1.14)

 

1.25 (0.92 1.71)

 

1.29 (0.94 1.76)

 

0.78 (0.54 1.12)

 

 Obese (≥30 kg/m2)

2.12 (1.29 3.47)

 

1.24 (0.86 1.80)

 

1.80 (1.26 2.59)

 

0.72 (0.46 1.14)

 

Multimorbidityc

4.47 (2.95 6.79)

3.81 (2.32 6.26)

2.22 (1.55 3.18)

1.83 (1.16 2.87)

1.71 (1.25 2.34)

 

1.30 (0.84 2.02)

 
  1. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals are presented in this table. Bold values indicate significance (p < 0.05)
  2. Note: BMI body mass index, OR odds ratio, 95% CI 95% confidence interval
  3. aFor cognitively frail: age categories are 45–59 yr., 60–69 yr., 70–81 yr., 45–59 yr. is the reference category
  4. bFor cognitively frail: no respondents were divorced
  5. cMultimorbidity was defined as having two or more conditions out of diabetes, cancer, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, and chronic respiratory symptoms
  6. dModel 1 are multivariate models adjusted for socio-demographic variables: sex, age, level of education, marital status, living situation, job status
  7. eModel 2 are multivariate models adjusted for socio-demographic variables, lifestyle, life-events, biological risk factors, and chronic disease (all variables in the table). For model 2 only statistically significant odds ratios are presented to increase readability of the table
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BMC Geriatrics

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