Distinctive subgroups derived by cluster analysis based on pain and psychological symptoms in Swedish older adults with chronic pain – a population study (PainS65+)

Table 2 Mean values (±SD) of socio-demographic characteristics in the four subgroups and comparisons among the subgroups

Variables	Subgroup 1* (n = 325)	Subgroup 2^† (n = 516)	Subgroup 3^‡ (n = 686)	Subgroup 4^§ (n = 767)	p value^a
Age (years)^b	77.8 ± 7.7	76.0 ± 7.4	76.2 ± 7.3	73.1 ± 6.7	<0.001
Sex (%)					<0.001
Men	36.3	36.2	39.7	45.0
Women	63.7	63.8	60.3	55.0
Education (%)					<0.001
High school (secondary)	61.5	54.8	54.5	49.1
Upper secondary school or vocational training ≥2 years	23.7	26.0	25.7	26.9
College or university for ≤2 years	5.7	10.1	7.6	9.3
College or university ≥3 years	9.1	9.1	12.2	14.8
Family status (%)					<0.001
Married	47.4	53.7	58.3	61.8
Single	3.7	6.0	4.7	5.3
Divorced	19.7	17.1	14.4	15.1
Widowed	29.2	25.3	22.6	17.7

*Subgroup 1 = older adults with moderate pain and high psychological symptoms; ^†Subgroup 2 = older adults with high pain and moderate psychological symptoms; ^‡Subgroup 3 = older adults with low pain and moderate psychological symptoms; ^§Subgroup 4 = older adults with low pain without psychological symptoms; ^aOne way ANOVA for continuous variables and chi square test for categorical variables; ^bMean ± SD = standard deviation

ISSN: 1471-2318