| Total group | Pre-frail | Frail | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 2420 | n = 1883 (77.8%) | n = 537 (22.2%) |  | |
Age (mean ± SD) | 76.3 ± 6.6 | 75.8 ± 6.5 | 78.0 ± 6.8 | P < 0.001a |
Male gender | 957 (39.5%) | 767 (40.7%) | 190 (35.4%) | PÂ =Â 0.025b |
(I)ADL disability (18–72)d (mean ± SD) | 31.8 ± 12.0 | 28.6 ± 10.0 | 43.0 ± 11.8 | P < 0.001a |
Resources | ||||
 Level of education |  |  |  |  |
  low | 1579 (68.9%) | 1182 (66.1%) | 397 (78.6%) | P < 0.001b |
  high | 714 (31.1%) | 606 (33.9%) | 108 (21.4%) |  |
 Income |  |  |  |  |
  low | 1145 (47.4%) | 830 (44.1%) | 315 (58.8%) | P < 0.001b |
  high | 1272 (52.6%) | 1051 (55.9%) | 221 (41.2%) |  |
 Informal care |  |  |  |  |
  not available | 224 (9.4%) | 167 (8.9%) | 57 (10.9%) | P = 0.185b |
  available | 2167 (90.6%) | 1699 (91.1%) | 468 (89.1%) |  |
 Living situation |  |  |  |  |
  living alone | 906 (39.2%) | 668 (37.0%) | 238 (46.9%) | P < 0.001b |
  not living alone | 1404 (60.8%) | 1135 (63.0%) | 269 (53.1%) |  |
 Mastery (7–35)d (mean ± SD) | 23.1 ± 5.9 | 24.2 ± 5.6 | 19.5 ± 5.5 | P < 0.001a |
  low | 1093 (49.9%) | 726 (42.5%) | 367 (75.8%) | P < 0.001b |
  high | 1098 (50.1%) | 981 (57.5%) | 117 (24.2%) |  |
 Self-management (1–6)d (mean ± SD) | 3.8 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | P < 0.001c |
  low | 1045 (47.1%) | 713 (41.3%) | 332 (66.9%) | P < 0.001b |
  high | 1176 (52.9%) | 1012 (58.7%) | 164 (33.1%) |  |