Table 2 Overview of studies that determine study participants with dementia based on a study diagnosis

[22]

Diagnostics performed for every resident with an existing dementia diagnosis

▪ Clinical examination

▪ Semi-standardized interview and neuropsychological testing according to ICD-10 criteria

▪ Consolidation of existing diagnostic findings

▪ NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for diagnosis of AD

▪ Consensus criteria for frontotemporal dementia

▪ Petersen criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI)^a

▪ NINDS-AIREN for vascular dementia

MMSE, CDR, Behave-AD, BPRS, HDRS 17, B-ADL

Diagnosis: Physician with experience in geriatric psychiatry

[23]

Diagnostics performed by physicians from the research team for every resident fulfilling one of the criteria:

▪ Presence of dementia diagnosis in the nursing records

▪ Resident appears forgetful

▪ Resident has problems with orientation within the NH

▪ NINCDS-ADRDA criteria on the basis of clinical examination, existing assessments of status and progress, existing diagnostic findings (technical investigations)

▪ Dementia was classified into different types: AD, vascular dementia, mixed type, frontotemporal dementia

MMSE, GDS, Clock Drawing Test, CERAD entire battery, BAGI, AES, NPI

Screening instruments and diagnosis: Experienced geriatric psychiatrist with formal training in the administration and scoring of the respective instruments.

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

Diagnostics performed for a random sample of nursing home residents

▪ SIDAM-interview for the assessment of cognitive function; in case of severe physical impairment CDR

▪ Diagnosis of etiological subtype based on the findings from the SIDAM-interview

▪ Diagnosis discussed in an expert conference of physicians and psychologists according to DSM-III-R

SIDAM, MMSE or CDR

Diagnosis: Physicians and psychologist who received training in conducting structured interviews

[67]

Diagnostics performed for a random sample of residents with Parkinson’s disease

▪ Diagnosis assessed according to DSM-IV-TR criteria using the SIDAM-interview, clinical examination, medical history

SIDAM, MMSE, PANDA (subsample)

Screening instruments and diagnosis: Study monitor with a medical education

[69]

Diagnostics in the study was performed for all nursing home residents.

▪ No definition or diagnostic criteria stated

▪ Diagnosis assessed using the CDR (≥ 1)

MMSE, BAS-DEM, CDR, DSS, BAI

Diagnosis: Trained clinical psychologist

Screening (DSS): Licensed geriatric nurses with frequent contact with the residents during the previous 4 weeks

[70]

Diagnostics in the study was performed for every consenting resident.

▪ No definition or diagnostic criteria stated

▪ Diagnosis assessed using the CDR (≥ 1)

CDR, MMSE, Barthel-Index

Diagnosis: Determined in multidisciplinary consensus conferences held by psychiatrists, clinical psychologists and health and nursing specialists.

Screening instruments: Not specified

[71]

Diagnostics performed for all NH residents

▪ No definition or diagnostic criteria stated

▪ Diagnosis assessed using the BAI (3-8 = mild to severe dementia)

BAI

Interviews performed by trained NH staff with experience in clinical psychology and psychiatry

[72]

Diagnostics performed for NH residents able to be interviewed

▪ Assessment of diagnosis according to Feighner-criteria

▪ Dementia severity cutoff value (MMSE ≤ 23 minimum mild dementia)

AKT, BAI,

Diagnosis: NH manager experienced in psychiatry

[73]

Diagnostics in the study performed for a non-defined sample of NH residents

▪ Diagnosis assessed according to the Feighner criteria and compared with a diagnosis assessed with the BAI (BAI 0-2 = most likely no dementia, 3-7 = mild to moderate dementia, 8 = severe dementia)

BAI

Diagnosis (Feighner criteria): experienced NH manager

[75]

Diagnostics for organic psycho syndrome (OPS) (dementia) performed in a non-defined sample of NH residents

▪ Differentiation of OPS severity based on an assessment of cerebral dysfunction and changes in personality

Not specified

Not specified

[68]

Diagnostics in the study performed for all included participants

▪ SIDAM interview was conducted

▪ Diagnosis was based on a consensus between study interviewers and an experienced geriatrician or geriatric psychiatrist according to DSM IV for Alzheimer or ICD-10 or DSM III R criteria for multi-infarct dementia and other etiology

▪ Diagnostic criteria: objective deficits in memory and another cognitive domain, impairment in activities of daily living

▪ Classification of dementia was based on the CDR (≤ 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe)

▪ Assessed data were combined into simple and weighted count scores

SIDAM, CDR, MMSE, Barthel-Index for ADL impairment, IADL impairment scale, 28 chronic conditions

Trained physicians or psychologists conducted interviews with participants and their caregivers.