Table 4 Cluster-adjusted logistic regression models (cluster = random effect)

Nursing home characteristics

Region, Fribourg vs. St.Gallen

1.00 (0.42–2.42)

0.993

Location, rural vs. urban

0.92 (0.37–2.27)

0.848

Ownership

 Private vs. non-profit

2.39 (0.98–5.83)

0.055

 Other vs. non-profit

3.36 (0.59–18.97)

0.155

Dementia care unit, yes vs. no

1.13 (0.46–2.78)

0.773

Residents per nursing home, ≤70 vs. >70

0.90 (0.37–2.20)

0.803

Residents per caregiver FTE^a , ≤1.7 vs. > 1.7

2.39 (1.13–5.05)

0.025

Residents per night nurse, ≤30 vs. > 30

1.76 (0.78–3.96)

0.159

Proportion of trained nursing staff, ≤40 vs. >40

0.77 (0.32–1.83)

0.533

Medical care

 General practitioner vs. in-house physician

0.39 (0.09–1.67)

0.187

 Others vs. in-house physician

0.52 (0.12–2.24)

0.354

Physical restraint standard with definition, yes vs. no

1.08 (0.68–1.72)

0.735

Resident characteristics

Gender, men vs. women

1.00 (0.75–1.31)

0.975

1.27 (0.89–1.82)

0.189

Age

 75–84 vs. <75 years

0.76 (0.49–1.17)

0.213

0.87 (0.50–1.50)

0.606

 85–94 vs. <75 years

0.92 (0.62–1.38)

0.701

1.27 (0.75–2.14)

0.369

  ≥ 95 vs. <75 years

1.14 (0.66–2.00)

0.634

1.49 (0.72–3.08)

0.283

Length of residence

 1.1–2.5 vs. 1 year

1.52 (1.04–2.22)

0.029

1.39 (0.88–2.19)

0.156

 2.6–4.5 vs. 1 year

2.25 (1.53–3.31)

<0.001

1.44 (0.90–2.29)

0.127

 4.6- vs. 1 year

3.18 (2.19–4.63)

<0.001

1.91 (1.22–3.02)

0.005

Degree of care dependency

 4–6 vs. <4

12.97 (5.02–33.51)

<0.001

9.93 (3.63–27.13)

<0.001

 7–9 vs. <4

81.49 (32.02–207.40)

<0.001

50.06 (18.54–135.15)

<0.001

 10–12 vs. <4

530.82 (183.67–1,534.09)

<0.001

294.25 (94.37–917.45)

<0.001

Mobility limitations, yes vs. no

7.55 (5.31–10.74)

<0.001

3.46 (2.35–5.10)

<0.001

Verbal agitation, yes vs. no

1.48 (1.11–1.98)

0.007

0.87 (0.58–1.29)

0.474

Physical agitation, yes vs. no

1.61 (1.11–2.32)

0.012

1.13 (0.68–1.86)

0.642

Fall

 Within the last 30 days, yes vs. no

0.98 (0.68–1.40)

0.902

 Between >30 and 180 days, yes vs. no

1.23 (0.91–1.65)

0.175