Table 5 Aerobic programs (locomotive, low challenge balance)
Study, sample size | Intervention vs Control (content, dose) | Sample characteristics | Main findings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Within-group | Between-group | ||
Cognitive-motor only | ||||
Mirelman 2011 [32] N = 20 | IG: VR treadmill 6 wk, 3/wk, 45 min | Community-dwelling; age 67.1 (6.5), 55–79; idiopathic PD; moderately impaired (Hoehn and Yahr 2–3); walking difficulties; able to walk unassisted for 5 min; no serious chronic medical condition; no major visual impairment, no major depression; no dementia | + gait speed pre 1.16 (0.18) post 1.26 (0.20), p < .05 follow-up 1.28 (0.19), p < .05 Obstacle negotiation | + DT gait speed p = .003 |
CG: Treadmill (for some outcomes) 6 wk, 3/wk, 45 min | DT stride length p < .001 | |||
- speed pre 0.96 (0.19) post 1.17 (0.22), p < .05cfollow-up 1.17 (0.20), p < .05 | ||||
- stride length pre 148 (17) post 161 (18), p < .05 follow-up 161 (17), p < .05 | ||||
FSST pre 13.3 (2.5) post 11.6 (1.6), p < .05 follow-up 11.9 (1.6), p < .05 | ||||
TMT A pre 69.0 (15.9) post 57.2 (11.9), p = .003 | ||||
TMT B pre 141.4 (34.9) post 120.4 (18.2), P = .05 | ||||
DTC pre 13.9 (14.8) post 6.9 (8.4), p < .05 | ||||
DT gait speed pre 1.01 (0.23) post 1.17 (0.15), p < .05 follow-up 1.13 (0.17), p < .05 | ||||
No Gait variability, DTC follow-up | ||||
Cognitive-motor plus other components | ||||
Cho 2013 [39] N = 14 | IG: VR treadmill + therapeutic exercise (lower extremity muscle strength and gait), occupational therapy, and functional electrical stimulation 6 wk, 3/wk, 30 min + exercise 6 wk, 5/wk, 30 min; OT 6 wk, 5/wk, 30 min; stimulation 6 wk, 5/wk, 20 min | Hemiparesis after stroke within 6mo; stroke rehabilitation ward; age IG 64.57 (4.35), CG 65.14 (4.74); able to walk independently both with and without assistive devices; able to understand and follow simple verbal instructions; MMSE > 24; Brunnstrom score between 1 and 4 for the lower extremity; no serious visual impairment or hearing disorder; no severe heart disease or uncontrolled hypertension and pain; no neurologic or orthopedic disease that might interfere with the study | + BBS pre 36.71 (2.28) post 40.85 (1.67), p < .05 | + BBS p = .011 |
TUG p = .013 | ||||
TUG pre 22.93 (4.29) post 20.67 (3.73), p < .05 | ||||
CG: Treadmill + therapeutic exercise (lower extremity muscle strength and gait), occupational therapy, and functional electrical stimulation 6 wk, 3/wk, 30 min + exercise 6 wk, 5/wk, 30 min; OT 6 wk, 5/wk, 30 min; stimulation 6 wk, 5/wk, 20 min | Gait speed (cm/s) pre 54.27 (16.18) post 79.67 (13.91), p < .05 | Gait speed p = .013 | ||
Cadence pre77.32 (21.91) post 104.04 (10.03), p < .05 | ||||
Cadence p = .035 | ||||
step length pre 38.91 (8.24) post 50.51 (9.74), p < .05 | ||||
No Spatial gait parameters | ||||
stride length pre 79.21 (16.82) post 99.91 (18.74), p < .05 single limb support pre28.17 (4.77) post 33.64 (2.67), p < .05 | ||||