Author (Setting) | Category | ||
---|---|---|---|
Cause (% of falls) | Activity (% of falls) | Other (% of falls) | |
Overstall et al., [6] (Hospital and community) | Tripping (47) | After rising (6) | Miscellaneous (12) |
Drop attack (12) | Turning head (5) | ||
Giddiness (9) | |||
Loss of balance (8) | |||
Brocklehurst et al., [27] (Hospital and community) | Trip (20) | Walking | |
Lost balance (32) | Standing | ||
Drop attack (23) | Postural change | ||
Loss of consciousness or “other” (20) | |||
Lach et al., [25] (Community) | Extrinsic falls (55) | Contributing factors (% of fallers) | |
• slip (27) | • sensory (28) | ||
• trip (21) | • shoes (26) | ||
• displaced center of gravity (7) | • hurrying (14) | ||
Intrinsic falls (31) | • external load (12) | ||
• mobility system failure (4) | • not common activity (11) | ||
• impaired balance (9) | • assistive devices (5) | ||
• sensory impairment (1) | • medication/alcohol (2) | ||
• cognitive impairment (12) | |||
• impaired consciousness (6) | |||
Non-bipedal stance (5) | |||
• self-generated (5) | |||
• support failure (<1) | |||
Non-classifiable falls (9) | |||
Topper et al., [8] (Assisted living) | Base-of-support (BOS) perturbation (46) | Don’t know (15) | |
• transfer with BOS problem (8) | |||
• trip or tangle (23) | |||
• slip (10) | |||
Center-of-mass (COM) perturbation (28) | |||
• pushed (5) | |||
• collision (0) | |||
• reaching, bending, turning (18) | |||
• transfer without BOS problem (4) | |||
No obvious perturbation (NOP) (14) | |||
• loss of consciousness (3) | |||
• no loss of consciousness (8) | |||
Cumming & Klineberg, [24] (Hospital and community) | Trip (40) | Walking (42) | Location of the fall |
Slip (10) | Being over (5) | • own residence (74) | |
Leg gave way (10) | Getting up (14) | • outside (16) | |
Postural change (12) | Sitting down (4) | • inside shop or club (6) | |
Dizziness loss of consciousness (10) | Turing around (8) | ||
Other (18) | Using stairs (3) | ||
Berg et al., [22] (Community) | Trip (34) | Walking on level ground (24) | Location of the fall |
Slip (25) | Walking on uneven ground (24) | • home (58) | |
Misplaced step (12) | Hurrying to get work done (12) | • away from home (42) | |
Loss of balance (9) | Stair ascent and decent (14) | Time of the fall | |
Legs giving way (4) | Working in the yard (9) | • morning (30) | |
Knocked over (4) | Carrying something heavy (9) | • afternoon (52) | |
Loss of support (3) | Looking of turning (7) | • evening (14) | |
Other (9) | Exercising (7); Other (7) | • night (4) | |
Wild et al., [26] (Hospital and community) | Fell suddenly without warning (48) | Walking (53) | Environmental hazards |
Trip, slip, miss (21) | Change of position (23) | • poor lighting (22) | |
Body gave way (11) | Stair ascend or descend (13) | • stairs (13) | |
Dizziness and giddiness (9) | Standing or dressing (10) | • carpets or rugs (4) | |
Light-headed (6) | Fell out of chair (5) | • wet floor (4) | |
Black-out (5) | Other (3) |