Table 1 Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the misdiagnosed and accurately diagnosed groups: unadjusted comparisons
Misdiagnosed N = 88 | Accurately diagnosed N = 438 | Parameter estimate | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
Age, Mean ± SD | 83.52 ± 10.31 | 78.72 ± 10.27 | -4.80 | <.0001 | |
Years of education, Mean ± SD | 14.53 ± 3.56 | 14.90 ± 3.34 | 0.37 | .3528 | |
Gender, N,% male | 52, 59.09 | 254, 57.99 | 0.96 (0.60, 1.52) | .8490 | |
Race, N,% minority | 5, 5.68 | 24, 5.48 | 0.96 (0.36, 2.59) | .9388 | |
Race | . | ||||
White, N/% | 83, 94.32 | 414, 94.52 | (Ref) | ||
Black, N/% | 3, 3.41 | 17, 3.88 | 1.14 (0.33, 3.97) | .8414 | |
Asian, N/% | 1, 1.14 | 4, 0.91 | 0.80 (0.09, 7.27) | .8444 | |
Other, N/% | 1, 1.14 | 3, 0.68 | 0.60 (0.06, 5.85) | .6614 | |
Unknown, N,% | |||||
Marital status, married/living as married, N,% | 50, 56.82 | 311, 71.00 | 1.86 (1.16, 2.98) | .0095 | |
Living alone, N,% | 15, 17.05 | 18, 4.11 | 0.21 (0.10, 0.43) | <.0001 | |
Health history and conditions | |||||
Family history of dementia | |||||
Number of “Other demented relatives,” Mean ± SD | 0.41 ± 0.80 | 0.63 ± 1.20 | 0.22 | .1971 | |
Father or mother with dementia, N,% | 23, 32.86 | 183, 47.78 | 1.87 (1.09, 3.20) | .0225 | |
Any sibling with dementia, N,% | 4, 4.55 | 8, 1.83 | 0.39 (0.12, 1.33) | .1339 | |
Health history | |||||
Cardiovascular condition, N,% | 41, 47.13 | 137, 31.49 | 0.52 (0.32, 0.82) | .0055 | |
Cerebrovascular condition N,% | 18, 20.69 | 66, 15.28 | 0.69 (0.39, 1.24) | .2127 | |
Parkinsonian features, N,% | 9, 10.23 | 39, 8.97 | 0.86 (0.40, 1.86) | .7087 | |
Other neurologic conditions, N,% | 17, 20.00 | 87, 20.67 | 1.04 (0.58, 1.86) | .8908 | |
Medical/metabolic conditions, N,% | 80, 90.91 | 361, 82.61 | 0.48 (0.22, 1.02) | .0574 | |
AD only vs. mixed etiology | 56, 63.64 | 298, 68.04 | 0.82 (0.51, 1.33) | .4225 | |
Living in nursing home, N,% | 13, 14.77 | 85, 19.41 | 1.39 (0.74, 2.62) | .3103 | |
Time since onset of cognitive decline (years) | 6.30 ± 3.76 | 7.81 ± 4.01 | 1.51 | .0016 | |
Probable AD diagnosis at baseline | 65, 73.86 | 412, 94.06 | 5.61 (3.02, 10.41) | <.0001 | |
Severity of cognitive impairment | |||||
MMSE, Mean ± SD | 19.46 ± 7.66 | 12.93 ± 9.03 | -6.53 | <.0001 | |
Normal (>24): N,% | 22, 25.00 | 33, 7.53 | 1.00 (Ref) | ||
Mild (21–24): N,% | 23, 26.14 | 67, 15.30 | 1.94 (0.95, 3.98) | .0699 | |
Moderate (10–20): N,% | 24, 27.27 | 136, 31.05 | 3.78 (1.89,7.55) | .0002 | |
Severe (<= 9): N,% | 11, 12.5 | 137, 31.28 | 8.30 (3.67, 18.81) | <.0001 | |
Missing: N,% | 8, 9.1 | 65, 14.84 | 5.42 (2.18, 13.48) | .0003 | |
Functional status | |||||
Functional activities questionnaire (FAQ), total score, Mean ± SD, | 20.96 ± 8.52 | 24.52 ± 7.10 | 3.55 | <.0001 | |
Impaired level of functioning, FAQ > =9, N,% | 75, 88.24 | 405, 95.74 | 3.0 (1.33, 6.75) | .0080 | |
Neuropsychiatric symptoms | |||||
Neuropsychiatric inventory questionnaire (NPI-Q), total score, Mean ± SD | 4.84 ± 4.46 | 6.18 ± 5.35 | 1.35 | .0364 | |
Patients with depression and dysphoria (NPI-Q), N,% | 16, 20.25 | 145, 37.08 | 2.32 (1.29, 4.17) | .0048 | |
Severity level for patients with depression and dysphoria (NPI-Q), Mean ± SD | 1.56 ± 0.73 | 1.40 ± 0.62 | -0.16 | .3276 |