From: Recent trends in chronic disease, impairment and disability among older adults in the United States
Demographic characteristics | Overall | 1998 (n = 10390) | 2004 (n = 10621) | 2008 (n = 10557) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age, y (95% CI) | 74.6 (74.5, 74.7) | 74.4 (74.3, 74.5) | 74.9 (74.7, 75.0) | 74.5 (74.3, 74.6) | < 0.001 |
Female sex, % (95%CI) | 57.3 (56.7, 57.9) | 58.1 (57.0, 59.1) | 57.1 (56.0, 58.1) | 56.9 (55.9, 58.0) | 0.26 |
Race | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.40 |
   White, % (95% CI) | 89.5 (89.2, 89.8) | 89.4 (88.8, 89.9) | 89.8 (89.3,90.4) | 89.4 (88.8,90.0) |  |
   Black, % (95% CI) | 8.3 (8.0, 8.6) | 8.5 (8.0, 9.0) | 8.1 (7.6, 8.6) | 8.3 (7.9, 8.8) |  |
   Other, % (95% CI) | 2.2 (2.0, 2.4) | 2.1 (1.8, 2.4) | 2.1 (1.8, 2.4) | 2.3 (2.0, 2.6) |  |
Married, % (95% CI) | 55.1 (54.4, 55.7) | 55.3 (54.3, 56.4) | 55.9 (54.9, 56.9) | 54.1 (53.0, 55.2) | 0.05 |
Education, % (95% CI) | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
   Under 8th grade | 7.5 (7.2, 7.8) | 9.6 (9.1, 10.2) | 7.1 (6.6, 7.6) | 6.0 (5.6, 7.5) |  |
   8-11 grade | 20.6 (20.1, 21.1) | 24.2 (23.4, 25.1) | 20.2 (19.4, 21.1) | 18.0 (20.1, 21.1) |  |
   High school | 34.9 (34.4, 35.5) | 33.1 (32.1, 34.1) | 35.8 (34.8, 36.8) | 35.7 (34.4, 35.5) |  |
   Above high school | 37.0 (36.4, 37.6) | 33.1 (32.1, 34.1) | 36.9 (35.9, 37.9) | 40.3 (36.4, 37.6) |  |
Current Smoker, % (95% CI) | 10.1 (9.7, 10.4) | 10.9 (10.3, 11.6) | 9.3 (8.8, 10.0) | 10.1 (9.4, 10.8) | 0.002 |
Body Mass Index, (95% CI) | 26.7 (26.6, 26.8) | 26.0 (25.9, 26.1) | 26.6 (26.4, 26.7) | 27.5 (27.3, 27.6) | < 0.001 |
Chronic diseases, % | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(95%CI) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Hypertension | 59.7 (59.2, 60.3) | 52.5 (51.5, 53.5) | 60.5 (59.5, 61.5) | 65.0 (63.9, 66.0) | < 0.001 |
   Heart conditions | 31.4 (30.8, 32.0) | 30.7 (29.7, 31.6) | 31.9 (30.9, 32.9) | 31.6 (30.6, 32.5) | 0.20 |
   Stroke | 9.3 (9.0, 9.7) | 9.8 (9.2, 10.4) | 8.9 (8.4, 9.6) | 9.2 (8.6, 9.8) | 0.14 |
   Diabetes | 19.3 (18.8, 19.8) | 15.2 (14.5, 15.9) | 19.3 (18.4, 20.1) | 22.7 (21.8, 23.6) | < 0.001 |
   Cancer | 17.4 (16.9, 17.9) | 14.6 (13.9, 15.3) | 18.1 (17.3, 18.9) | 19.1 (18.2, 19.9) | < 0.001 |
   Chronic lung disease | 11.6 (11.2, 12.0) | 10.8 (10.1, 11.4) | 11.6 (10.9, 12.3) | 12.3 (11.6, 13.0) | 0.01 |
   Arthritis | 65.5 (64.9, 66.1) | 59.1 (58.1, 60.1) | 67.7 (66.7, 68.6) | 68.8 (67.8, 69.8) | < 0.001 |
Impairments, % | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(95% CI) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Severe Cognitive Impairment | 4.3 (4.1, 4.6) | 4.9 (4.5, 5.3) | 4.2 (3.8, 4.5) | 4.0 (3.6, 4.4) | 0.01 |
   Visual Impairment | 23.7 (23.2, 24.2) | 25.4 (24.5, 26.3) | 23.6 (22.7, 24.5) | 22.4 (21.6, 23.3) | < 0.001 |
   Hearing Impairment | 25.8 (25.3, 26.4) | 25.4 (24.5, 26.3) | 27.2 (26.2, 28.1) | 25.0 (24.1, 25.9) | 0.003 |
   Urinary incontinence | 23.8 (23.3, 24.4) | 19.8 (19.0, 20.6) | 23.6 (22.7, 24.4) | 27.5 (26.5, 28.4) | < 0.001 |
   Mobility Impairment | 8.2 (7.9, 8.6) | 8.3 (7.8, 8.9) | 7.9 (7.3, 8.4) | 8.5 (7.9, 9.1) | 0.27 |
Disability, % (95% | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
CI) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
ADL dependence Bath | 8.6 (8.3, 9.0) | 9.8 (9.2, 10.4) | 8.2 (7.6, 8.8) | 8.1 (7.5, 8.6) | 0.001 |
   Bed transfer | 6.0 (5.7, 6.3) | 6.9 (6.4, 7.4) | 5.3 (4.9, 5.8) | 5.9 (5.4, 6.4) | 0.001 |
Dress Eating | 10.9 (10.5, 11.3) 3.8 (3.6, 4.1) | 11.5 (10.8, 12.1) 4.1 (3.7, 4.5) | 10.2 (9.5, 10.8) 3.7 (3.3, 4.1) | 11.0 (10.4,11.7) 3.8 (3.4, 4.2) | 0.01 0.28 |
   Toileting | 6.3 (6.1, 6.6) | 6.9 (6.4, 7.5) | 5.8 (5.3, 6.3) | 6.4 (5.8, 6.9) | 0.01 |
IADL dependence | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Meal preparation | 7.6 (7.2, 7.9) | 7.8 (7.2, 8.3) | 7.5 (7.0, 8.1) | 7.4 (6.9, 8.0) | 0.66 |
   Medication management | 4.0 (3.8, 4.2) | 3.9 (3.5, 4.2) | 3.9 (3.5, 4.3) | 4.2 (3.8, 4.6) | 0.53 |
   Money management | 7.1 (6.8, 7.5) | 7.4 (6.9, 7.9) | 7.0 (6.5, 7.5) | 7.1 (6.5, 7.6) | 0.56 |
   Shopping | 11.1 (10.7, 11.4) | 11.7 (11.0, 12.3) | 11.2 (10.6, 11.9) | 10.4 (9.8, 11.0) | 0.02 |
   Telephone use | 5.6 (5.3, 5.9) | 5.9 (5.5, 6.4) | 5.6 (5.1, 6.1) | 5.6 (4.8, 5.7) | 0.15 |