Study, year | Study design | Total | MCT | Control | Treatment dose (g/d) | Treatment duration | Control | Health status | Memory Outcomes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (M/F) | n (M/F) | Age | n (M/F) | Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
Mutoh, 2022 [22] | Double-blind RCT | 63 | 32 (10/22) | 69.8 (4.0) | 31 (10/21) | 70.3 (4.1) | 18 | 3Â months | Placebo (LCT) | Healthy | -LM-IA -LM-IB -LM-IIA -LM-IIB (immediate & delayed logical memory) |
Yomogida, 2021 [21] | Double-blind crossover RCT | 20 (6/14) | 20 (6/14) | 65.7 (3.9) | 15 (13/2) | 61 (9.4) | 19.9a | 6.9 (0.3) days | Placebo (LCT) | Healthy | -Working memory (N-back test) |
Abe, 2020 [20] | Single-blind RCT | 31 | 16 | 85.5 (6.8) All | 15 | 85.5 (6.8) All | 6 | 3Â months | Placebo (LCT) | Nursing home residents | -MMSE (memory recall) -NM (logical memory) |
O’neill, 2019 [19] | Double-blind RCT | 80 | 38 | 65.4 (6.2) | 42 | 65.4 (6.2) | 10, 20, 30, or 40 | 2 weeks | Placebo | Healthy | -Immediate and delayed memory (VRM task) -Spatial working memory (SWM task) |
Abe, 2017 [18] | Single-blind RCT | 25 (7/18) | 13 (4/9) | 85.5 (3.7) | 12 (3/9) | 86.8 (6.5) | 6 & 1.2 g leucine & 20 μg cholecalciferol | 3 months | LCT & 1.2 g leucine & 20 μg cholecalciferol | Nursing home residents | -MMSE (memory recall) -NM (logical memory) |
Ota, 2016 [16] | Double-blind crossover RCT | 19 (6/13) | 19 (6/13) | 66.1 (2.9) | 19 (6/13) | 66.1 (2.9) | 20a | 9.5 (6.9) days | Placebo | Healthy | -Working memory (Digit span test) -Visual memory (visual memory span test) -Short-term memory (letter-number sequencing test) |