Before Propensity Score Matching | After Propensity Score Matching | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case (n = 909) | Original comparators (n = 37,432) | P value | SMD | Case (n = 573) | Matched comparators (n = 900) | P value | SMD | |
Covariates | ||||||||
Wave | < 0.001 | 0.442 | 0.942 | 0.033 | ||||
1 | 189 (20.8) | 9932 (26.5) | 166 (29.0) | 259 (28.8) | ||||
2 | 128 (14.1) | 8503 (22.7) | 102 (17.8) | 151 (16.8) | ||||
4 | 159 (17.5) | 8857 (23.7) | 106 (18.5) | 175 (19.4) | ||||
5 | 433 (47.6) | 10,140 (27.1) | 199 (34.7) | 315 (35.0) | ||||
Age, years | 71.9 ± 9.5 | 58.1 ± 8.6 | < 0.001 | 1.524 | 69.5 ± 9.6 | 67.8 ± 9.5 | < 0.001 | 0.180 |
Middle-aged adults (45–59, years) | 93 (10.2) | 22,004 (58.8) | < 0.001 | 1.188 | 85 (14.8) | 182 (20.2) | 0.011 | 0.142 |
Older adults (≥ 60, years) | 816 (89.8) | 15,428 (41.2) | 488 (85.2) | 718 (79.8) | ||||
Sex | < 0.001 | 0.445 | 0.867 | 0.012 | ||||
Female | 623 (68.5) | 17,632 (47.1) | 370 (64.6) | 576 (64.0) | ||||
Male | 286 (31.5) | 19,800 (52.9) | 203 (35.4) | 324 (36.0) | ||||
Marital status | < 0.001 | 4.177 | 0.264 | 0.066 | ||||
Currently married | 39 (4.3) | 35,365 (94.5) | 39 (6.8) | 77 (8.6) | ||||
Others | 870 (95.7) | 2067 (5.5) | 534 (93.2) | 823 (91.4) | ||||
Residence areas | < 0.001 | 0.469 | 0.103 | 0.091 | ||||
Rural | 744 (81.8) | 22,932 (61.3) | 433 (75.6) | 644 (71.6) | ||||
Others | 165 (18.2) | 14,500 (38.7) | 140 (24.4) | 256 (28.4) | ||||
Alcohol consumption | < 0.001 | 0.253 | 0.737 | 0.021 | ||||
Non-drinker | 615 (67.7) | 20,751 (55.4) | 368 (64.2) | 587 (65.2) | ||||
Drinker | 294 (32.3) | 16,681 (44.6) | 205 (35.8) | 313 (34.8) | ||||
Smoking status | < 0.001 | 0.182 | 0.836 | 0.032 | ||||
Non-smoker | 580 (63.8) | 20,560 (54.9) | 361 (63.0) | 562 (62.4) | ||||
Ever smoker | 133 (14.6) | 6584 (17.6) | 79 (13.8) | 118 (13.1) | ||||
Current smoker | 196 (21.6) | 10,288 (27.5) | 133 (23.2) | 220 (24.4) | ||||
Education | < 0.001 | 1.378 | 0.003 | 0.162 | ||||
No schooling | 640 (70.4) | 5366 (14.3) | 320 (55.8) | 430 (47.8) | ||||
Primary school or more | 269 (29.6) | 32,066 (85.7) | 253 (44.2) | 470 (52.2) | ||||
Disease counts | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 1.5 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 | 0.206 | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 0.262 | 0.067 |
0 | 195 (21.5) | 10,313 (27.6) | < 0.001 | 0.213 | 134 (23.4) | 205 (22.8) | 0.077 | 0.139 |
1 | 269 (29.6) | 11,248 (30.0) | 171 (29.8) | 299 (33.2) | ||||
2 | 181 (19.9) | 8129 (21.7) | 108 (18.8) | 194 (21.6) | ||||
≥ 3 | 264 (29.0) | 7742 (20.7) | 160 (27.9) | 202 (22.4) | ||||
Outcomes | ||||||||
Catastrophic health expenditure | 0.229 | ─ | < 0.001 | ─ | ||||
Yes | 179 (19.7) | 6768 (18.1) | 112 (19.5) | 106 (11.8) | ||||
No | 730 (80.3) | 30,664 (81.9) | 461 (80.5) | 794 (88.2) |