Table 1 Patient demographic and clinical characteristics
|  | Patients (N = 214) | |
|---|---|---|
Characteristic | No. (%) | Â |
 Age, mean ± SD, y | 81.07 ± 4.78 | |
 BMI, mean ± SD | 25.09 ± 4.17 |  |
 Male sex | 72(33.6) |  |
 Smoking (yes/no) | 22(10.3) |  |
 Alcohol (yes/no) | 16(7.5) |  |
Comorbidities | ||
  0 | 36(16.8) | |
 1 | 56(26.2) |  |
 2 | 51(23.8) |  |
 3 | 45(21) |  |
  > 3 | 26(12.1) |  |
ASA scale | ||
 2 | 39(18.2) |  |
 3 | 163(76.2) |  |
 4 | 12(5.6) |  |
Type of surgery | ||
 -Spinal fusion | 112(52.3) |  |
 -Total knee replacement | 54(25.2) |  |
 -Total hip replacement | 48(22.4) |  |
 Surgical duration, mean ± SD, min | 151.50 ± 86.74 |  |
 Blood loss, mean ± SD, ml | 285.53 ± 316.34 |  |