Table 5 Meta-analyses of the effectiveness of inpatient rehabilitation on function, quality of life, length of stay, discharge destination and mortality, versus comparison, among older adults with unplanned admission to acute care, overall and by treatment ingredient

overall

5

761

733

0.10 (−0.04, 0.24)

1.38

0.17

4.36

22.30

0.36

–

overall

2

159

141

0.30 (− 0.26, 0.86)

1.05

0.29

3.15

68.22

0.08

–

overall

15

1992

1937

0.21 (0.00, 0.42)

2.00

0.04

54.12

86.58

< 0.01

0.01

endurance exercise

4

109

116

0.51 (− 0.34, 1.36)

1.18

0.24

27.68

89.43

< 0.01

–

strengthening exercise

3

71

65

0.30 (−0.05, 0.64)

1.69

0.09

2.06

5.57

0.36

–

energy applied to soft tissue

3

58

56

0.95 (0.23, 1.66)

2.60

0.01

6.51

70.20

0.04

–

repeated practice activities

7

1274

1246

−0.02 (− 0.13, 0.10)

− 0.27

0.78

7.67

30.29

0.26

–

repeated exercise rehabilitation

3

545

542

0.42 (− 0.04, 0.87)

1.80

0.07

7.36

69.94

0.03

–

goals and planning

9

643

613

0.22 (−0.17, 0.61)

1.12

0.26

42.16

90.45

< 0.01

–

feedback and monitoring

7

266

262

0.33 (−0.19, 0.84)

1.24

0.21

36.36

88.02

< 0.01

–

shaping knowledge

4

362

360

−0.13 (− 0.27, 0.02)

−1.73

0.08

3.01

0.00

0.39

–

antecedents

2

762

732

−0.08 (− 0.44, 0.28)

−0.46

0.65

3.04

67.16

0.08

–

increased medical care

4

971

932

0.10 (−0.23, 0.43)

0.60

0.55

9.79

85.43

0.02

–

nutritional intervention

2

891

862

0.06 (−0.03, 0.15)

1.25

0.21

0.09

0.00

0.76

–

early intervention

2

215

200

0.35 (−0.23, 0.93)

1.17

0.24

4.86

79.43

0.03

–

overall

5

649

246

0.04 (−0.31, 0.38)

0.21

0.83

16.44

82.69

< 0.01

–

overall

6

1445

1334

0.21 (− 0.07, 0.49)

1.49

0.14

17.85

71.46

< 0.01

–

overall

2

333

293

0.45 (−0.05, 0.96)

1.78

0.08

2.10

52.36

0.15

–

overall

5

588

587

0.17 (0.05, 0.28)

2.85

< 0.01

6.16

0.00

0.19

–

strengthening exercise

2

59

56

−0.03 (−0.39, 0.34)

−0.14

0.89

0.09

0.00

0.76

–

repeated exercise rehabilitation

2

509

511

0.53 (−0.34, 1.40)

1.20

0.03

4.80

79.15

0.03

–

overall

6

173

134

1.50 (0.39, 2.60)

2.66

0.01

41.35

94.40

< 0.01

–

endurance exercise

3

110

71

2.44 (0.49, 4.38)

2.46

0.01

24.76

95.56

< 0.01

–

shaping knowledge

2

95

57

1.51 (0.56, 2.46)

3.11

< 0.01

5.97

83.24

0.01

–

early intervention

2

49

51

0.51 (0.12, 0.91)

2.56

0.01

0.04

0.00

0.85

–

overall

3

69

70

Log OR: 1.23 (0.68, 1.78)

4.36

< 0.01

4.32

54.96

0.12

–

endurance exercise

2

54

56

Log OR: 0.98 (0.59, 1.37)

4.94

< 0.01

0.01

0.00

0.92

–

overall

5

130

146

0.02 (−0.50, 0.55)

0.09

0.93

32.91

80.26

< 0.01

–

overall

5

795

788

−0.15 (− 0.37, 0.07)

−1.35

0.18

12.99

60.47

0.04

–

overall

2

578

572

0.01 (−0.11, 0.12)

0.12

0.91

0.03

0.00

0.85

–

overall

2

39

39

Log OR: −0.40 (− 0.84, 0.04)

−1.78

0.07

0.13

0.00

0.72

–

overall

28

3461

3510

MD: −0.54 (−1.32, 0.23)

−1.38

0.17

233.20

88.13

< 0.01

< 0.001

overall

11

1914

1837

Log OR: 0.47 (0.17, 0.76)

3.07

< 0.01

19.03

45.95

0.04

0.22

repeated practice activities

6

1551

1232

Log OR: 0.49 (0.11, 0.87)

2.50

0.01

13.82

60.41

0.02

–

repeated exercise rehabilitation

2

44

31

Log OR: 0.94 (−0.03, 1.90)

1.91

0.06

0.12

0.00

0.73

–

goals and planning

2

55

25

Log OR: 0.83 (0.21, 1.45)

2.63

0.01

1.20

16.44

0.27

–

antecedents

5

1309

1208

Log OR: 0.20 (−0.25, 0.64)

0.86

0.39

7.99

47.82

0.09

–

increased medical care

8

1768

1683

Log OR: 0.38 (0.04, 0.73)

2.21

0.03

15.47

53.78

0.03

–

early intervention

7

632

647

Log OR: 0.60 (0.20, 1.00)

2.96

< 0.01

8.39

27.45

0.21

–

team meetings and care planning

6

1528

1421

Log OR: 0.42 (−0.04, 0.88)

1.80

0.07

15.46

65.52

0.01

–

discharge planning

6

1656

1580

Log OR: 0.46 (0.09, 0.84)

2.40

0.02

13.59

62.41

0.02

–

nutritional intervention

4

1414

1325

Log OR: 0.32 (−0.27, 0.91)

1.07

0.28

13.96

79.34

< 0.01

–

overall

2

328

348

Log OR: 0.38 (0.03, 0.74)

2.14

0.03

0.16

0.00

0.69

–

overall

12

2853

2766

Log OR: −0.09 (− 0.40, 0.23)

−0.55

0.58

12.62

4.24

0.32

0.09

overall

12

2108

2120

Log OR: −0.12 (− 0.28, 0.05)

− 1.42

0.16

8.29

0.00

0.69

0.49