| Mean (SD) / n (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
All (n = 613) | Normal nutritional status (MNA ≥ 24) (n = 434) | At risk or malnourished (MNA < 24) (n = 179) | p-value | |
Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
 Age (years) * [range: 60–106] | 78.5 (7.4) | 78.5 (7.0) | 78.6 (8.1) | 0.838 |
 Sexa | ||||
  Male | 282 (46.0) | 203 (46.8) | 79 (44.1) | 0.551 |
  Female | 331 (54.0) | 231 (53.2) | 100 (55.9) | |
 Educational level | ||||
  No formal education | 188 (30.7) | 127 (29.3) | 61 (34.1) | 0.382 |
  Primary school | 258 (42.1) | 183 (42.2) | 75 (41.9) | |
  Secondary school or above | 167 (27.2) | 124 (28.6) | 43 (24.0) | |
 Employment status | ||||
  Retired | 580 (94.9) | 412 (94.9) | 168 (94.9) | 0.825 |
  Unemployed | 18 (2.9) | 12 (2.8) | 6 (3.4) | |
  Have part-time/full-time job | 13 (2.1) | 10 (2.3) | 3 (1.7) | |
 Monthly household income (HK$) | ||||
  < 6000 | 497 (81.1) | 352 (81.1) | 145 (81.0) | 0.992 |
  ≥ 6000 | 64 (10.4) | 45 (10.4) | 19 (10.6) | |
  Unsure | 49 (8.0) | 35 (8.1) | 14 (7.8) | |
  Number of missing | 3 (0.5) | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.6) | |
 Received CSSA | ||||
  No | 247 (40.3) | 186 (42.9) | 61 (34.1) | 0.042 |
  Yes | 365 (59.5) | 247 (56.9) | 118 (65.9) | |
  Number of missing | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | |
 Marital Status | ||||
  Single/divorced/separated/widowed | 328 (53.5) | 226 (52.1) | 102 (57.0) | 0.268 |
  Married/cohabited | 285 (46.5) | 208 (47.9) | 77 (43.0) | |
 Living alone | ||||
  No | 225 (36.7) | 157 (36.2) | 68 (38.0) | 0.672 |
  Yes | 388 (63.3) | 277 (63.8) | 111 (62.0) | |
Lifestyle characteristics | ||||
 Smoking status | ||||
  Non-smoker | 451 (73.6) | 319 (73.5) | 132 (73.7) | 0.055 |
  Ex-smoker | 96 (15.7) | 75 (17.3) | 21 (11.7) | |
  Current smoker | 66 (10.8) | 40 (9.2) | 26 (14.5) | |
 Drinking status | ||||
  Non-drinker | 488 (79.6) | 343 (79.0) | 145 (81.0) | 0.721 |
  Ex-drinker | 68 (11.1) | 51 (11.8) | 17 (9.5) | |
  Current drinker | 57 (9.3) | 40 (9.2) | 17 (9.5) | |
 Level of physical activity (IPAQ-SF) | ||||
  Low | 82 (13.4) | 47 (10.8) | 35 (19.6) | 0.005 |
  Moderate | 339 (55.3) | 239 (55.1) | 100 (55.9) | |
  High | 180 (29.4) | 139 (32.0) | 41 (22.9) | |
  Number of missing | 12 (2.0) | 9 (2.1) | 3 (1.7) | |
Health status | ||||
 Total CCI scoreb | ||||
  0 | 302 (49.3) | 221 (50.9) | 81 (45.3) | 0.059 |
  1 | 184 (30.0) | 134 (30.9) | 50 (27.9) | |
  2 | 58 (9.5) | 34 (7.8) | 24 (13.4) | |
  ≥ 3 | 61 (10.0) | 38 (8.8) | 23 (12.8) | |
  Number of missing | 8 (1.3) | 7 (1.6) | 1 (0.6) | |
 Hearing ability | ||||
  Clear | 359 (58.6) | 273 (62.9) | 86 (48.0) | < 0.001 |
  Fair | 170 (27.7) | 116 (26.7) | 54 (30.2) | |
  Unclear | 84 (13.7) | 45 (10.4) | 39 (21.8) | |
 Visual ability | ||||
  Clear | 270 (44.0) | 218 (50.2) | 52 (29.1) | < 0.001 |
  Fair | 198 (32.3) | 135 (31.1) | 63 (35.2) | |
  Unclear | 145 (23.7) | 81 (18.7) | 64 (35.8) | |
 Use of denture | ||||
  No | 219 (35.7) | 160 (36.9) | 59 (33.0) | 0.373 |
  Yes | 392 (63.9) | 273 (62.9) | 119 (66.5) | |
  Number of missing | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.6) | |
 Difficulty in chewing food | ||||
  No | 374 (61.0) | 276 (63.6) | 98 (54.7) | 0.038 |
  Yes | 238 (38.8) | 157 (36.2) | 81 (45.3) | |
  Number of missing | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | |
 Usual appetite | ||||
  Good | 338 (55.1) | 278 (64.1) | 60 (33.5) | < 0.001 |
  Normal | 241 (39.3) | 148 (34.1) | 93 (52.0) | |
  Bad | 34 (5.5) | 8 (1.8) | 26 (14.5) | |
Dietary factors | ||||
 Below recommendation of the dietary guidelinesc: | ||||
  Grains (3 to 5 bowls per day) | 199 (32.5) | 127 (29.3) | 72 (40.2) | 0.008 |
  Vegetables (at least 3 servings per day) | 508 (82.9) | 351 (80.9) | 157 (87.7) | 0.041 |
  Fruits (at least 2 servings per day) | 447 (72.9) | 303 (69.8) | 144 (80.4) | 0.007 |
  Meats (5 to 6 taels per day) | 572 (93.3) | 403 (92.9) | 169 (94.4) | 0.541 |
  Milk (1 to 2 glass per day) | 493 (80.4) | 352 (81.1) | 141 (78.8) | 0.473 |
 Usually cooking food myself | ||||
  No | 127 (20.7) | 84 (19.4) | 43 (24.0) | 0.202 |
  Yes | 481 (78.5) | 346 (79.7) | 135 (75.4) | |
  Number of missing | 5 (0.8) | 4 (0.9) | 1 (0.6) | |
 Dietary supplements consumption | ||||
  No | 386 (63.0) | 267 (61.5) | 119 (66.5) | 0.248 |
  Yes | 227 (37.0) | 167 (38.5) | 60 (33.5) | |
Dietary behaviour | ||||
 Favour food group | ||||
  No preference | 54 (8.8) | 30 (6.9) | 24 (13.4) | 0.022 |
  Grains | 165 (26.9) | 108 (24.9) | 57 (31.8) | |
  Vegetables | 167 (27.2) | 128 (29.5) | 39 (21.8) | |
  Fruits | 70 (11.4) | 55 (12.7) | 15 (8.4) | |
  Meats | 146 (23.8) | 104 (24.0) | 42 (23.5) | |
  Others (milk or fat/salt/sugar) | 6 (1.0) | 4 (0.9) | 2 (1.1) | |
  Number of missing | 5 (0.8) | 5 (1.2) | 0 (0) | |
 Usual number of main meals skipped per day | ||||
  One or more | 106 (17.3) | 59 (13.6) | 47 (26.3) | < 0.001 |
  None | 507 (82.7) | 375 (86.4) | 132 (73.7) | |
 Preferred temperature of food and drink | ||||
  Warm | 365 (59.5) | 269 (62.0) | 96 (53.6) | 0.088 |
  Hot | 226 (36.9) | 148 (34.1) | 78 (43.6) | |
  Cold | 21 (3.4) | 16 (3.7) | 5 (2.8) | |
  Number of missing | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) |