Table 1 Summarized description of balance and strength tests

Balance test

N^a

Age

 Side-by-side, eyes open, 10 s (8 studies)

21,419

40–87 (62.6–70.4)

 Side-by-side, eyes closed, 10 s (1 study)

37

60–81 (67.7 ± 5.3)

 Side-by-side, eyes open, 30 s (10 studies)

14,003

52–90 (62.7–71.6)

 Side-by-Side, on foam, eyes open, 30 s (1 study)

122

69.7–71.6

 Side-by-side, eyes closed, 30 s (7 studies)

364

57–75 (64.7–71.6)

 Side-by-side, 60 s (1 study)

54

60+ (66.0 ± 5.0)

 Semi-tandem, 10 s (6 studies)

16,926

40–87 (62.6–70.0)

 Semi-tandem, 30 s (4 studies)

13,416

52–90 (62.7–65.0)

 Tandem, 10 s (8 studies)

17,100

40–87 (62.6–71.6)

 Tandem, 30 s (3 studies)

13,410

52–90 (64.8–65.0)

 Tandem, 60 s (1 study)

12

69.0 ± 3.0

 OLS (5 studies)

2266

52–84 (64.0–69.1)

 OLS, no time limit (3 studies)

718

50–79 (53.9–73.1)

 OLS, eyes closed, no time limit (4 studies)

391

50–79 (60.0–67.1)

 OLS, 15 s (1 study)

19

60–68

 OLS, 25 s (1 study)

26

59.7–60.5

 OLS, 30 s (10 studies)

4773

55–84 (62.0–69.0)

 OLS, eyes closed, 30 s (2 studies)

1812

60–84 (63.2–69.0)

 OLS, eyes open, 45 s (1 study)

60

62.9–64.4

 OLS, eyes closed, 45 s (1 study)

60

62.9–64.4

 OLS, alternating eyes open and eyes closed (1 study)

557,648

66.0

 OLS, 60 s (19 studies)

39,736

34–90+ (61.8–77.0)

 OLS, 60 s, eyes closed (6 studies)

536

60–84 (66.3–69.4)

 OLS, 120 s (1 study)

501

65–74 (69.3–69.7)

 Romberg Test (5 studies)

1262

50–80 (50.8–69.0)

 Sharpened Romberg (2 studies)

76

62.5–72.8

 Romberg with Jendrassik maneuver (1 study)

266

65–74 (69.5 ± 3.0)

 Equi Test (1 study)

55

61–83 (69.3 ± 5.5)

 SOT (1 study)

23

60–78 (66.2–71.3)

 CTSIB (2 studies)

61

64.0–69.0

 Tandem walk (8 studies)

260

55–85 (65.5–77.0)

 Step test (2 studies)

67

53–83 (65.7–66.9)

 Four Square step test (6 studies)

470

55–81 (62.0–71.5)

 Step width & length, eyes open and eyes closed (1 study)

56

66.7–72.8

 MSL test (2 studies)

59

60–81 (67.7–77.0)

 360° turn (1 study)

282

60–74

 180° turn (2 studies)

99

55+ (61.8–68.5)

 6 m backwards walk (3 studies)

77

65–84 (68.9–69.7)

 10-m walk under single- and dual-task condition (1 study)

54

65–80

 Floor Transfer Task (1 study)

102

61.2–67.0

 SEBT (2 studies)

212

65.4–68.9

 Dynamic balance/agility (2 studies)

120

60–84 (66.1–69.8)

 Narrow corridor walk (1 study)

40

69.8 ± 7.5 (60+)

 Sideway walk test (1 study)

32

61.8 ± 4.6

 TUG (92 studies)

61,826

46–99 (61.4–77.0)

 Chair rise and walk (1 study)

39

65–85

 8-ft Up and Go (27 studies)

4724

51–89 (62.1–70.1)

 FRT (30 studies)

13,679

50–99 (61.5–71.3)

 LRT (1 study)

28

57–73 (65.9–66.0)

 7 m obstacle walk (1 study)

134

69.6–70.3

 Curved walking (1 study)

1054

65.0 ± 7.0

 Zigzag walking (1 study)

81

50–74 (59.0–61.0)

 Reactive balance test (1 study)

102

65–80 (69.8–70.0)

 Push and release test (2 studies)

54

65–80

 Adaptive gait test (1 study)

20

61–81

 Step Execution Test (2 studies)

72

60–88 (67.7–69.6)

 Backwards stepping test (1 study)

36

65–75 (66.2–68.3)

 Crossover stepping test (1 study)

36

65–75 (66.2–68.3)

 Limits of Stability test (1 study)

30

64.2 ± 7.3

 BBS (35 studies)

2324

56–88 (61.4–74.0)

 SPPB (34 studies)

17,687

60–89 (65.4–72.3)

 Tinetti Test / Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (7 studies)

8166

55.0–97.6 (62.5–66.8)

 PPT (2 studies)

91

60–83 (67.4–68.8)

 FAB scale (7 studies)

308

52–89 (61.8–69.5)

 CS-PFP-10 (1 study)

26

60+ (68.6–72.3)

 PPB (4 studies)

2149

64.0–69.9

 CBM (3 studies)

132

55–70 (66.4–69.9)

 8-level balance scale (2 studies)

102

55–70 (66.4–69.9)

 FMM (1 study)

90

65.3 ± 4.6

Strength test

N^a

Age

 Handgrip strength (81 studies)

130,821

34–89 (60.4–70.5)

 Shoulder flexor strength (1 study)

85

65–84 (69.0 ± 0.4)

 Hip muscle strength (2 studies)

45

55–75 (63.7–68.4)

 Knee extensor strength (1 study)

85

65–84 (69.0 ± 0.4)

 Leg strength (6 studies)

272

55–75 (61.1–69.3)

 Toe grasping strength (2 studies)

722

52–78 (66.3–67.6)

 Elbow extensor strength (1 study)

26

69.2–70.0

 Hip extensor strength (1 study)

39

60–78 (68.5–69.7)

 Hip flexor strength (2 studies)

818

60–78 (68.5–69.7)

 Hip abductor strength (2 studies)

744

61.8–68.7

 Knee extensor strength (11 studies)

1595

60.78 (61.1–71.6)

 Knee flexor strength (1 study)

39

60–78 (68.5–69.7)

 Leg strength (6 studies)

2544

50–79 (61.4–69.0)

 Ankle dorsiflexor strength (7 studies)

357

60–78 (61.8–69.7)

 Ankle plantar flexor strength (5 studies)

832

50–80 (61.8–68.5)

  30 s arm curl (20 studies)

5768

51–89 (61.9–69.9)

  Abdominal Strength (2 studies)

252

59–60+ (63.0–66.9)

  Single forearm contractions (1 study)

32

59–85 (66.0 ± 2)

  Seated medicine ball throw (1 study)

36

68.8–68.9

  Five times Sit-to-Stand (61 studies)

81,289

40–90+ (58.7–71.0)

  One time sit-to-stand (7 studies)

414

60–74 (61.6–69.9)

  Ten times sit-to-stand (6 studies)

73,283

50–81 (62.6–69.0)

  15 s Sit-to-stand (1 study)

5777

65–79 (69.8–70.1)

  30 s sit-to-stand (51 studies)

7493

51–91 (61.2–71.6)

  1 min sit-to-stand (2 studies)

123

55–70 (62.2–70.7)

  One time kneel-to-stand (1 study)

259

60+ (67.6 ± 7.0)

  Floor rise to standing (7 studies)

172

65–84 (67.0–69.3)

  Five Step Test (1 study)

621

50+ (66.8–69.4)

  Stair climbing (2 studies)

1143

55–79 (63.8–67.5)

  Stair climbing (8 steps) (2 studies)

111

65.6–67.8

  Stair climbing (10 steps) (3 studies)

212

50–75 (62.7–71.5)

  Stair climbing (11 steps) (3 studies)

77

65–84 (68.9–69.3)

  Stair climbing (12 steps) (2 studies)

337

45–80 (58.7–64.8)

  Stair climbing (14 steps) (1 study)

30

68.5 ± 5.1

  Stair climbing (15 steps) (1 study)

134

69.6–70.3

  Stair ascent (23 steps) (1 study)

62

60–83 (66.6–71.0)

  Stair ascent (16 steps) (1 study)

48

60–80 (68.6 ± 6.1)

  Stair ascent (10 steps) (4 studies)

158

62–80 (66.0–70.0)

  Stair ascent (9 steps) (2 studies)

71

62.7–70.0

  Stair ascent (4 steps) (1 study)

33

60–74 (64.4–65.7)

  Stair ascent (one time) (1 study)

259

60+ (67.6 ± 7.0)

  Stair descent (16 steps) (1 study)

48

60–80 (68.6 ± 6.1)

  Stair descent (14 steps) (1 study)

33

67.0 ± 4.5

  Stair descent (10 steps) (1 study)

19

66.0 ± 1.0

  Stair descent (9 steps) (1 study)

48

69.8–70.0

  Stair descent (one time) (1 study)

259

60+ (67.6 ± 7.0)

  Functional leg extensor strength (1 study)

1133

55–79 (63.8–64.1)

  Lift and reach (1 min) (2 studies)

123

55–70 (62.6–70.7)

  Standing long jump (2 studies)

98

50–79 (63.7 ± 1.1)

  Squat jump (1 study)

63

65–70 (67.5 ± 0.4)

  Single knee extension contractions (1 study)

32

59–85 (66.0 ± 2.0)