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Table 2 Explaining geographic variations in adverse health outcomes using multivariable logistic regression analyses, WHO SAGE China Wave 1

From: Geographical variations in self-rated health and functional limitations among older Chinese in eight WHO-SAGE provinces

Explanatory variables

Adjusted Odds Ratios [95% Confidence Interval]

Poor self-rated health

Functional limitations

Rural-urban interaction effects

 Rural Shanghai (ref: urban Shanghai)

1.82 [1.31–2.52]

1.31 [0.85–2.01]

 Rural Zhejiang (ref: urban Zhejiang)

1.71 [1.18–2.46]

0.69 [0.45–1.09]

 Rural Guangdong (ref: urban Guangdong)

0.78 [0.56–1.09]

3.69 [2.43–5.59]

 Rural Shandong (ref: urban Shandong)

6.32 [4.53–8.82]

5.14 [3.55–7.44]

 Rural Jilin (ref: urban Jilin)

2.71 [2.04–3.61]

4.72 [3.43–6.49]

 Rural Hubei (ref: urban Hubei)

2.36 [1.82–3.07]

4.11 [2.80–6.04]

 Rural Shaanxi (ref: urban Shaanxi)

1.55 [1.17–2.06]

1.33 [0.93–1.90]

 Rural Yunnan (ref: urban Yunnan)

0.97 [0.73–1.29]

1.88 [1.29–2.74]

Sociodemographic attributes

 Age groups in year

  50–59

Reference

Reference

  60–69

1.07 [0.94–1.23]

1.61 [1.33–1.96]

  70+

1.41 [1.22–1.63]

5.25 [4.34–6.35]

 Sex

  Male

Reference

Reference

  Female

1.26 [1.10–1.45]

1.14 [0.97–1.34]

 Years of education

   < 6 years

Reference

Reference

   ≥ 6 years

1.11 [0.98–1.26]

0.80 [0.68–0.95]

 Permanent income quintiles

  Quintile 1 (lowest)

2.76 [2.18–3.49]

2.88 [2.09–3.97]

  Quintile 2

1.98 [1.58–2.49]

2.06 [1.49–2.85]

  Quintile 3

1.71 [1.37–2.14]

1.83 [1.34–2.49]

  Quintile 4

1.49 [1.20–1.86]

1.62 [1.20–2.18]

  Quintile 5 (highest)

Reference

Reference

Health covariates

 Health insurance

  Mandatory and/or voluntary

Reference

Reference

  No insurance

1.22 [1.01–1.49]

1.36 [1.06–1.76]

 Body mass index

  Underweight (< 18.5)

1.41 [1.12–1.82]

1.16 [0.84–1.61]

  Normal (18.5 to 23.5)

Reference

Reference

  Overweight (23.5 to 25.0)

0.92 [0.79–1.07]

0.97 [0.80–1.19]

  Obese (> 25)

0.68 [0.59–0.79]

1.21 [1.02–1.43]

 Number of chronic diseases

  0

Reference

Reference

  1

2.47 [2.16–2.83]

1.74 [1.46–2.08]

  2+

4.80 [4.13–5.58]

3.34 [2.81–3.96]

 Smoking

  No

Reference

Reference

  Yes

1.06 [0.89–1.24]

0.79 [0.64–0.97]

 Drinking

  No

Reference

Reference

  Yes

0.74 [0.61–0.89]

0.51 [0.39–0.66]

  1. Boldface values signify p < 0.05