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Table 2 Results from Multilevel modeling of community setting impact on cognitive decline of seniors in CHARLS

From: The impact of rural-urban community settings on cognitive decline: results from a nationally-representative sample of seniors in China

Mixed Effect

β(SE)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

Model 6

Model 7

Fixed Effects

 Within-Individual Covariate

  Intercept

18.493(0.132)***

−0.402(1.536)

− 0.403(1.536)

0.778(1.494)

9.511(1.456)***

9.282(1.447)***

8.691(1.456)***

  Linear Time Slope

1.431(0.105)***

1.431(0.104)***

1.431(0.104)***

1.431(0.104)***

1.431(0.104)***

1.431(0.104)***

1.431(0.104)***

  Quadratic Time Steepness

0.318(0.103)**

0.318(0.103)**

0.318(0.103)**

0.318(0.103)**

0.318(0.103)**

0.318(0.103)**

0.318(0.103)**

 Individual-level Covariates

  Age (Year old) a

 

0.229(0.021)***

0.239(0.021)***

0.232(0.021)***

0.148(0.019)***

0.160(0.019)***

0.163(0.019)***

  Sex (Female)

 

1.845(0.195)***

1.885(0.195)***

1.638(0.190)***

0.553(0.184)**

0.575(0.182)**

0.163(0019)***

  Childhood Residency (City/Town)

 

2.301(0.327)***

2.083(0.331)***

1.207(0.334)***

1.204(0.295)***

0.733(0.306)*

0.721(0.305)*

  Government Subsidies (No)

  

−0.821(0.217)***

  

−0.470(0.194)*

−0.437(0.193)*

  Occupation (Inside State-owned Business)

   

−2.579(0.247)***

 

−1.057(0.244)***

−1.069(0.243)***

 Education b

   (Elementary School)

    

−3.220(0.223)***

−3.121(0.222)***

−3.127(0.221)***

   (Middle School)

    

−5.768(0.2645)***

−5.320(0.279)***

− 5.284(0.279)***

   Smoking c

       

   (Quit)

      

0.117(0.277)

   (Still)

      

0.641(0.219)**

  Community Setting(Urban)

−2.278(0.208)***

−2.100(0.212)***

−1.788(0.226)***

−1.381(0.216)***

−1.227(0.191)***

−0.830(0.207)***

−0.822(0.206)***

  Urban × Linear Time Slope

−0.240(0.165)

− 0.240(0.165)

−0.240(0.165)

− 0.240(0.165)

−0.240(0.165)

− 0.240(0.165)

−0.240(0.165)

  Urban × Quadratic Time Steepness

0.320(0.162)*

0.320(0.162)*

0.320(0.163)***

0.320(0.163)*

0.320(0.163)*

0.320(0.163)*

0.320(0.163)*

 Random Variance

  Residual

10.841

10.866

10.867

10.872

10.872

10.872

10.872

 Within Community

  Intercept/Initial Level

3.189

9.689

8.104

9.653

6.958

6.489

5.701

  Time slope/Decline Rate

0.072

0.217

0.183

0.225

0.210

0.116

0.182

 Between Community

  Intercept/Initial Level

11.025

2.299

3.750

1.384

1.566

1.837

2.551

  Time slope/Decline Rate

0.248

0.052

0.085

0.033

0.048

0.141

0.075

  AIC

29,533

29,320

29,307

29,216

28,908

28,884

28,878

  BIC

29,618

29,424

29,418

29,327

29,025

29,015

29,022

  χ2(df)

 

M2 vs M1 219.49(3) ***

M3 vs M2

14.27(1) ***

M4 vs M3

91.02 (0) ***

M5 vs M4

310.50(1) ***

M6 vs M5

27.97 (2) ***

M7 vs M6

9.62 (2)**

  1. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001
  2. aage was measured as a baseline level at first wave
  3. billiterate was set as reference level
  4. cNever smoker was set as reference level