Resilience to cognitive impairment in the oldest-old: design of the EMIF-AD 90+ study

Legdeur, Nienke; Badissi, Maryam; Carter, Stephen F.; de Crom, Sophie; van de Kreeke, Aleid; Vreeswijk, Ralph; Trappenburg, Marijke C.; Oudega, Mardien L.; Koek, Huiberdina L.; van Campen, Jos P.; Keijsers, Carolina J. P. W.; Amadi, Chinenye; Hinz, Rainer; Gordon, Mark F.; Novak, Gerald; Podhorna, Jana; Serné, Erik; Verbraak, Frank; Yaqub, Maqsood; Hillebrand, Arjan; Griffa, Alessandra; Pendleton, Neil; Kramer, Sophia E.; Teunissen, Charlotte E.; Lammertsma, Adriaan; Barkhof, Frederik; van Berckel, Bart N. M.; Scheltens, Philip; Muller, Majon; Maier, Andrea B.; Herholz, Karl; Visser, Pieter Jelle

doi:10.1186/s12877-018-0984-z

BMC Geriatrics

Table 2 Potential protective factors for cognitive impairment in the oldest-old

From: Resilience to cognitive impairment in the oldest-old: design of the EMIF-AD 90+ study

Domain	Potential protective factor	Study	Age^a	Sample size (N)	Outcome variable	Result
Cognitive reserve	High level of education	H85 Gothenburg study [18]	85.7 (±0.05)	No dementia: 794 Dementia: 271	Dementia	Protective
		The 90+ Study [4]	94 (90–106)	No dementia: 536 Dementia: 375	Dementia	Protective
		Vantaa 85+ Study [17]	88.4 (85.0–104.0)	No incident dementia: 239 Incident dementia: 100	Incident dementia	Protective
	High cognitive activity	The 90+ Study [16]	93 (90–103)	No incident dementia: 319 Incident dementia: 268	Incident dementia	Equivocal
Vascular comorbidity	Low total/LDL or high HDL cholesterol level	Leiden 85-plus Study [20]	85 (85)	No dementia: 488 Dementia: 73	Cognition Dementia	Equivocal
		Newcastle 85+ Study [19]	85 (85)	No dementia: 767 Dementia: 78	Cognition Cognitive decline	Equivocal
		NonaSantfeliu study [21]	94.3 (±2.6)	62, dementia status unknown	Cognition	No effect
		Octabaix study [22]	85 (85)	321, dementia status unknown	Cognition	No effect
		PLAD [15]	93.6 (90–108)	No cognitive impairment: 300 Cognitive impairment: 409	Cognition	No effect
		Vantaa 85+ Study [17]	88.4 (85.0–104.0)	No incident dementia: 239 Incident dementia: 100	Incident dementia	No effect
	Absence of hypertension	Leiden 85-plus Study [23]	85 (85)	572, dementia status unknown	Cognition Cognitive decline	Risk
		Newcastle 85+ Study [19]	85 (85)	No dementia: 767 Dementia: 78	Cognition Cognitive decline	Equivocal
		PLAD [27]	93.6 (90–108)	No cognitive impairment: 317 Cognitive impairment: 465	Cognition	No effect
		Umeå 85+ study [26]	85, 90 and ≥ 95	No dementia: 342 Dementia: 233	Cognition Dementia	Protective
		Umeå 85+ study [25]	88.8 (±4.1)	No incident dementia: 136 Incident dementia: 69	Incident dementia	No effect
		The 90+ Study [24]	93.2 (90–103)	No incident dementia: 335 Incident dementia: 224	Incident dementia	Risk
		Vantaa 85+ Study [17]	88.4 (85.0–104.0)	No incident dementia: 239 Incident dementia: 100	Incident dementia	Equivocal
	Absence of DM	Leiden 85-plus Study [30]	85 (85)	596, dementia status unknown	Cognition Cognitive decline	Equivocal
		Octabaix study [31]	85 (85)	167, dementia status unknown	Cognition Cognitive decline	No effect
		Vantaa 85+ Study [11]	≥85	No incident dementia: 249 Incident dementia: 106	Incident dementia	Protective
	Absence of stroke	H85 Gothenburg study [18]	85.7 (±0.05)	No dementia: 794 Dementia: 271	Dementia	Protective
	Absence of stroke	Vantaa 85+ Study [32]	88.4 (±2.9)	No dementia: 339 Dementia: 214 Incident dementia: 100	Dementia Incident dementia	Protective
	Absence of AF	Vantaa 85+ Study [32]	88.4 (±2.9)	No dementia: 339 Dementia: 214 Incident dementia: 100	Dementia Incident dementia	No effect
Mood and sleep	No depression	Leiden 85-plus Study [34]	85 (85)	500, dementia status unknown	Cognition	Protective
	No depression	Umeå 85+ study [14]	85, 90 and 95–103	No dementia: 173 Dementia: 69	Dementia	Protective
	High sleep quality	PLAD [35]	93.5 (±3.4)	No dementia: 251 Dementia: 409	Dementia Cognition	Protective
Sensory system	Absence of visual impairment	Leiden 85-plus Study [37]	85 (85)	459, dementia status unknown	Cognition	Protective
	Absence of visual impairment	Newcastle 85+ Study [38]	85 (85)	No dementia: 771 Dementia: 68	Cognition	Protective
	Absence of glaucoma or cataract	Newcastle 85+ Study [105]	85 (85)	No dementia: 771 Dementia: 68	Cognition	Equivocal
	Absence of hearing impairment	Leiden 85-plus Study [37]	85 (85)	459, dementia status unknown	Cognition	Equivocal
Physical performance and capacity	Good physical performance	Leiden 85-plus Study [40]	85 (85)	555, dementia status unknown	Cognition	Protective
	Good physical performance	The 90+ Study [41]	93.3 (±2.6)	No incident dementia: 366 Incident dementia: 212	Incident dementia	Protective
	High physical activity	The 90+ Study [16]	93 (90–103)	No incident dementia: 319 Incident dementia: 268	Incident dementia	No effect
Genetics	Absence of APOEε4 and/or presence of APOEε2	Danish 1905 birth cohort [42]	93.1 (±0.3)	1551, dementia status unknown	Cognition Cognitive decline	No effect
		Leiden 85-plus Study [43]	89.0 (87.4–91.2)^b	No dementia: 242 Dementia: 78	Dementia	Protective
		The 90+ Study [44]	93.7 (90–105)	No dementia: 566 Dementia: 236 Incident dementia: 188	Dementia Incident dementia	Equivocal
		Vantaa 85+ Study [45]	≥85	313 without dementia 197 with dementia	Dementia	Protective
		Vantaa 85+ Study [46]	≥85	No incident dementia: 187 Incident dementia: 58	Incident dementia Cognitive decline	No effect
	MnSOD, GLRX, GSTP1, MT1A, NDUFV1, PRDX3, UQCRFS1, PICALM	Danish 1905 birth cohort [106,107,108]	92-93^c	1089–1650, dementia status unknown	Cognition	Protective
	ACOX1	Danish 1905 birth cohort [106]	93.2 (92.7–93.8)	1089, dementia status unknown	Cognition	Risk
	Cytokine genes, CLU	Danish 1905 birth cohort [108,109,110]	92-93^c	1380–1651, dementia status unknown	Cognition Cognitive decline	Equivocal
	MTHFR, MTR	Danish 1905 birth cohort [111]	93.1 (±0.3)	1651, dementia status unknown	Cognition Cognitive decline	No effect
	KLOTHO	PLAD [112]	93.5 (90–108)	No cognitive impairment: 236 Cognitive impairment: 470	Cognition	Protective
	PPAR-γ2	PLAD [113]	93.7 (90–108)	No cognitive impairment: 257 Cognitive impairment: 475	Cognition	No effect
	LRP, LPL, ACE	Vantaa 85+ Study [114]	≥85	No dementia: 203 Dementia (AD): 113	Dementia	No effect
Hallmarks of ageing	Low level of inflammation markers	Leiden 85-plus Study [49]	85 (85)	No dementia: 491	Cognition Cognitive decline	Equivocal
		The 90+ Study [50]	94.3 (90–105)	No dementia: 232 Dementia: 73	Dementia	Equivocal
		The 90+ Study [51]	93.9 (90–102)	No incident dementia: 145 Incident dementia: 82	Incident dementia	No effect
	Low level of senescence markers	Leiden 85-plus Study [52]	89.8 (85–101)	No dementia: 452 Dementia: 146 Incident dementia: unknown	Cognition Dementia Incident dementia	No effect
Markers of neurodegeneration	Normal levels of Aβ and tau in CSF	H85 Gothenburg study [56]	85 (85)	No incident dementia: 28 Incident dementia: 7	Incident dementia	Protective
	Negative amyloid PET-scan	The 90+ Study [57]	94.2 (90–99)^d	No incident dementia: 10 Incident dementia: 3	Cognitive decline	Protective
	Less brain atrophy	H85 Gothenburg study [58]	85 (85)	No dementia: 30 Dementia: 23	Dementia	Equivocal
	Less WMH	H85 Gothenburg study [59]	85 (85)	No dementia: 133 Dementia: 103	Dementia	Protective
	High white matter integrity	The 90+ Study [60]	94.6 (90–103)	Normal: 64 CIND: 30	CIND	No effect

Aβ Amyloid β, AD Alzheimer’s disease, APOE Apolipoprotein E, CIND Cognitive Impairment, No Dementia, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, DM diabetes mellitus, HDL high-density lipoproteins, LDL low-density lipoproteins, MCI Mild Cognitive Impairment, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, N Number, PET positron emission tomography, PLAD Project of Longevity and Aging in Dujangyan, WMH white matter hyperintensities
^aMean age (range, if available, or ± if standard deviation) in years at baseline, unless stated otherwise; ^bMedian age (interquartile range, IQR) in years; ^cMinimal and maximum mean age in years of the studies referred to; ^dMedian age (range) in years

Back to article page

ISSN: 1471-2318

Contact us

Submission enquiries: bmcgeriatrics@biomedcentral.com
General enquiries: ORSupport@springernature.com