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Table 3 Individual Factors associated with Frailty among Older People (N = 2559)

From: Associations between lifestyle, physical and social environments and frailty among Chinese older people: a multilevel analysis

Variable

Mean ± SD/ n (%)

Age- and Gender-adjusted

Overall

Robust

Pre-frail

Frail

P

OR

95%CI

P

Age, year

66.12 ± 4.85

65.53 ± 4.70

66.34 ± 4.64

67.16 ± 5.49

< 0.001

1.05

1.04–1.07

< 0.001e

Gender

    

0.063

   

 Man

1089 (42.6)

501 (46.0)

404 (37.1)

184 (16.9)

 

1.00

  

 Woman

1470 (57.4)

613 (41.7)

608 (41.4)

249 (16.9)

 

1.17

1.01–1.36

0.039f

Education

    

< 0.001

   

 Illiteracy

98 (3.8)

25 (25.5)

43 (43.9)

30 (30.6)

 

1.00

  

 Primary school

397 (15.5)

177 (44.6)

144 (36.3)

76 (19.1)

 

0.51

0.34–0.78

0.002

 Junior high school

1006 (39.3)

445 (44.2)

383 (38.1)

178 (17.7)

 

0.54

0.36–0.79

0.002

 Senior high school

709 (27.7)

325 (45.8)

286 (40.3)

98 (13.8)

 

0.47

0.31–0.69

< 0.001

 University

349 (13.6)

142 (40.7)

156 (44.7)

51 (14.6)

 

0.52

0.34–0.79

0.002

Work status

    

0.001

   

 Employed

331 (12.9)

169 (51.1)

99 (29.9)

63 (19.0)

 

0.85

0.69–1.06

0.146

 Othera

2228 (87.1)

945 (42.4)

913 (41.0)

370 (16.6)

 

1.00

  

Marital status

    

0.001

   

 Married

2269 (88.7)

1001 (44.1)

906 (39.9)

362 (16.0)

 

0.80

0.63–1.00

0.051

 Otherb

290 (11.3)

113 (39.0)

106 (36.6)

71 (24.5)

 

1.00

  

Smoking

    

0.410

   

 Nonsmoker

2070 (80.9)

894 (43.2)

815 (39.4)

361 (17.4)

 

1.00

  

 Ex-smoker

81 (3.2)

33 (40.7)

32 (39.5)

16 (19.8)

 

1.20

0.78–1.83

0.407

 Current Smoker

408 (15.9)

187 (45.8)

165 (40.4)

56 (13.7)

 

0.99

0.79–1.24

0.925

Drinking

    

0.001

   

 Nondrinker

2057 (80.4)

902 (43.9)

822 (40.0)

333 (16.2)

 

1.00

  

 Drinker

359 (14.0)

157 (43.7)

145 (40.4)

57 (15.9)

 

1.13

0.90–1.41

0.289

 Alcohol Dependence

143 (5.6)

55 (38.5)

45 (31.5)

43 (30.1)

 

1.84

1.33–2.55

< 0.001

MIPA level

    

< 0.001

   

 None

753 (29.4)

279 (37.1)

306 (40.6)

168 (22.3)

 

1.00

  

 Low

1199 (46.9)

520 (43.4)

480 (40.0)

199 (16.6)

 

0.74

0.63–0.88

0.001

 High

607 (23.7)

315 (51.9)

226 (37.2)

66 (10.9)

 

0.52

0.43–0.64

< 0.001

Organization Participation

    

0.241

   

 Yes

1689 (66.0)

739 (43.8)

679 (40.2)

271 (16.0)

 

0.89

0.76–1.04

0.136

 No

870 (34.0)

375 (43.1)

333 (38.3)

162 (18.6)

 

1.00

  

Self-Rated Health

    

< 0.001

   

 Good

1452 (56.7)

803 (55.3)

512 (35.3)

137 (9.4)

 

1.00

  

 Poor

1107 (43.3)

311 (28.1)

500 (45.2)

296 (26.7)

 

3.16

2.70–3.68

< 0.001

WHO-5c, score

18.82 ± 4.35

20.14 ± 3.56

18.37 ± 4.41

16.47 ± 4.82

< 0.001

0.87

0.86–0.89

< 0.001

Psychological Disorderc, d

    

< 0.001

   

 yes

258 (10.1)

38 (14.7)

127 (49.2)

93 (36.0)

 

3.69

2.88–4.72

< 0.001

 no

2295 (89.7)

1072 (46.7)

885 (38.6)

338 (14.7)

 

1.00

  
  1. SD standard deviation, MIPA moderate intensity physical activity
  2. aIncluding unemployed and retired; bIncluding divorced, widowed and unmarried; cThere were six missing data; dWhichever one item score < =1 or total score < 13 considered psychological disorder; eOnly gender was adjusted for age; fOnly age was adjusted for gender