From: Gout and dementia in the elderly: a cohort study of Medicare claims
 | All beneficiaries | Incident Dementiaa during the follow-up | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||
Total, N (beneficiaries) | 1,712,821 | 1,601,165 | 111,656b | N/A |
Age, mean (SD) | 75.2 (7.5) | 74.9 (7.5) | 80.0 (7.1) | < 0.0001 |
Sex, N (%) |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 Male | 729,781 (42.6%) | 693,059 (43.3%) | 36,722 (32.9%) |  |
 Female | 983,040 (57.4%) | 908,106 (56.7%) | 74,934 (67.1%) |  |
Race/Ethnicity, N (%) |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 White | 1,476,044 (86.2%) | 1,380,894 (86.2%) | 95,150 (85.2%) |  |
  Black | 139,833 (8.2%) | 128,824 (8.0%) | 11,009 (9.9%) |  |
 Other/unknown | 96,944 (5.7%) | 91,447 (5.7%) | 5497 (4.9%) |  |
Charlson-Romano score, mean (SD) | 1.56 (2.36) | 1.52 (2.34) | 2.18 (2.49) | < 0.0001 |
Charlson-Romano score |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 0 | 912,029 (53.2%) | 870,890 (54.4%) | 41,139 (36.8%) |  |
 1 | 174,091 (10.2%) | 159,811 (10.0%) | 14,280 (12.8%) |  |
  ≥ 2 | 626,701 (36.6%) | 570,464 (35.6%) | 56,237 (50.4%) |  |
Charlson-Romano comorbidities | ||||
 Myocardial Infarction | 67,609 (3.9%) | 62,029 (3.9%) | 5580 (5.0%) | < 0.0001 |
 Heart Failure | 198,607 (11.6%) | 180,109 (11.2%) | 18,498 (16.6%) | < 0.0001 |
 Peripheral vascular disease | 164,078 (9.6%) | 147,448 (9.2%) | 16,630 (14.9%) | < 0.0001 |
 Cerebrovascular disease | 162,203 (9.5%) | 142,965 (8.9%) | 19,238 (17.2%) | < 0.0001 |
 Dementia | 58,582 (3.4%) | 47,204 (2.9%) | 11,378 (10.2%) | < 0.0001 |
 Chronic pulmonary disease | 266,474 (15.6%) | 245,787 (15.4%) | 20,687 (18.5%) | < 0.0001 |
 Connective tissue disease | 47,610 (2.8%) | 43,566 (2.7%) | 4044 (3.6%) | < 0.0001 |
 Peptic ulcer disease | 32,015 (1.9%) | 28,853 (1.8%) | 3162 (2.8%) | < 0.0001 |
 Mild liver disease | 8437 (0.49%) | 7918 (0.49%) | 519 (0.46%) | 0.17 |
 Diabetes | 315,236 (18.4%) | 289,481 (18.1%) | 25,755 (23.1%) | < 0.0001 |
 Diabetes with end organ damage | 92,786 (5.4%) | 84,100 (5.3%) | 8686 (7.8%) | < 0.0001 |
 Hemiplegia | 13,668 (0.80%) | 11,972 (0.75%) | 1696 (1.5%) | < 0.0001 |
 Renal failure/disease | 58,438 (3.4%) | 53,802 (3.4%) | 4636 (4.2%) | < 0.0001 |
 Any tumor, leukemia, or lymphoma | 172,705 (10.1%) | 160,676 (10.0%) | 12,029 (10.8%) | < 0.0001 |
 Moderate or severe liver disease | 1969 (0.11%) | 1852 (0.12%) | 117 (0.10%) | 0.30 |
 Metastatic cancer | 17,879 (1.0%) | 17,113 (1.1%) | 766 (0.69%) | < 0.0001 |
 AIDS | 546 (0.03%) | 519 (0.03%) | 27 (0.02%) | 0.14 |
Hypertension | 823,180 (48.1%) | 754,449 (47.1%) | 68,731 (61.6%) | < 0.0001 |
Hyperlipidemia | 597,299 (34.9%) | 554,334 (34.6%) | 42,965 (38.5%) | < 0.0001 |
Coronary artery disease | 299,331 (17.5%) | 273,719 (17.1%) | 25,612 (22.9%) | < 0.0001 |