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Table 2 Peripheral biomarkers of participants distributed according to the Fried frailty scale, n = 347

From: Higher levels of tumor necrosis factor β are associated with frailty in socially vulnerable community-dwelling older adults

 

Non-frail

n = 34

(11.2%)

Pre-frail

n = 197

(58.2%)

Frail

n = 116

(30.6%)

p-value

Glucose (mg/dL)

95.5 ± 27.5

98.7 ± 44.5

106.4 ± 52.2

0.640

Glycated hemoglobin (%)

5.8 ± 1.7

5.7 ± 2.4

5.7 ± 2.8

0.874

Insulin (μmol/L)

8.4 ± 5.5

8.6 ± 7.8

8.7 ± 8.1

0.663

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

200.2 ± 40.4

195.2 ± 43.1

193.3 ± 45.7

0.435

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

49.4 ± 11.2

48.3 ± 13.5

47.2 ± 11.6

0.497

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

119.8 ± 37.8

119.6 ± 34.2

115.2 ± 34.2

0.441

VLDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

32.3 ± 23.0

28.4 ± 13.6

30.2 ± 16.3

0.818

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

146.2 ± 61.2

148.5 ± 82.7

151.4 ± 89.7

0.939

Urea (mg/dL)

34.5 ± 10.1

35.5 ± 11.6

40.1 ± 14.9

0.013* a

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.8 ± 0.2

0.96 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.5

0.004* a,b

DHEA (ng/mL)

4.1 ± 4.5

4.4 ± 4.3

4.3 ± 4.5

0.407

S-DHEA (μg/dL)

55.8 ± 40.3

67.2 ± 48.4

67.2 ± 53.3

0.423

IGF-1 (ng/mL)

113.2 ± 42.4

119.7 ± 47.5

117.2 ± 43.2

0.776

Hydroxyvitamin D (ng/mL)

22.1 ± 5.6

23.2 ± 8.6

22.2 ± 7.8

0.693

Inflammatory markers (pg/mL)

    

Interleukin-1α

3.0 ± 5.2

6.8 ± 12.5

9.2 ± 21.8

0.027* b

Interleukin-1β

1.9 ± 2.8

3.1 ± 4.2

3.4 ± 4.4

0.056

Interleukin-6

1.9 ± 1.6

2.1 ± 4.2

4.2 ± 7.6

0.012* a,b

Interleukin-10

1.3 ± 2.0

1.7 ± 3.2

3.6 ± 12.4

0.571

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

2.0 ± 2.0

3.6 ± 5.8

4.7 ± 10.2

0.035* b

Tumor Necrosis Factor-β

0.5 ± 0.5

3.0 ± 11.5

3.0 ± 10.1

0.033* a

  1. Notes: DHEA: Dehydroepiandrosterone; S-DHEA: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; GH: Growth Hormone; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1. Kruskal-Wallis test. *Values with statistical significance (p < 0.05). aNon-frail vs frail; bnon-frail vs pre-frail
  2. All other bold entries represent the p values of significant results