Table 4 Overview of descriptive variables and assessment measures over the course of the study

 Age; birthday; gender; living conditions (institutionalised vs. community-dwelling)

x

 Living alone or not; marital status; school-leaving qualification; years of education; academic grades; retirement age

x

 German-speaking

x

 Height; weight

x

x

x

 Blood pressure^f

x

 Vision impairment: Are you able to read a newspaper or book, with or without visual aid?

x

 Hearing impairment (whisper test)

x

 Fall history and fall-related injuries in the past 12 months

x

P

 Prevalence of neurologic, pulmonary or cardiac disease

x

 Comorbidities incl. Treatment; cardiac issues or stroke in past 6 months; pain while walking and resting; blood pressure [mmHg]; pulse [1/min]; use of sedatives or anticonvulsants; number of hospital admissions in past 12 months; urinary incontinence in past 12 months

x

 Medication use (type, dosage, frequency)

x

x

x

 Depressive symptoms: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, 10 item Version [CES-D 10] [80]

x

 Cognitive status: Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCa] [81]

x

S

 Fear of falling: Short Falls Efficacy Scale International [Short FES-I] [53]

x

x

x

 Occurrence of dizziness or gait insecurity in past 12 months

x

S

 Balance self-efficacy: Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale [ABC-Scale] [58]

x

x

x

S

 Functional mobility: (instrumented) Timed Up-and-Go Test [34]

x

x

x

x

S

 Functional capacity: Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument [LLFDI] [57]

x

x

x

S

 Static balance: 8 Level Balance Scale [29]

x

x

x

S

 Static balance: (instrumented) Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance [54]

x

x

x

S

 Static balance: (instrumented) tandem stance with eyes closed

x

x

x

S

 Functional leg strength: (instrumented) 30 s chair rise [55]

x

x

x

S

 Gait performance: (instrumented) 7 m walking test (usual and fast pace)

x

x

x

S

 Handgrip strength: dynamometer

x

x

x

 Subjective health: Compared with other people in your age group, how would you rate your personal health?

x

P

 Health-related quality of life: EQ-5D-5 L and EQ-VAS [50]

x

x

x

S

 Health-related resource use: adapted version of the questionnaire for the use of medical and non-medical services in old age [FIMA] [59]

x

x

x

 Participation in regular exercise activities > 1/week in the past 3 months; Execution of > 150 min/week moderate to vigorous physical activity

x

P/ S

 Accelerometer-collected physical activity (energy expenditure; duration, percentage, and intensity of sedentariness, activity, and walking)

x

x

x

S

 Subjective (felt) age: visual analogue scale and years

x

x

x

S

 HAPA-related questionnaires: Intention, action and coping planning, individual action control, sources of self-efficacy [60]

x

x^c

x

x

 HAPA-related questionnaires: outcome expectations, risk perception [60]

x

S

 HAPA-related self-efficacy: motivational, maintenance, recovery [60]

x

x

x

S

 Habit strength: Self-Report Behavioural Automaticity Index^e [SRBAI] [40]

x

x^c

x

x

S

 Motivational quality: Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire [BRE-Q-3] [62]

x

x

S

 Social support: Loneliness Scale [61]^e

x

x

x

 Affiliative Tendency and Sensitivity to Rejection Scale [82]

x

 Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale [83]

x^b,c

 Group cohesion: Cohesion in teams–Leisure and health sport [KIT-FG] [84] (only gLiFE participants)^e

x^a,c

S

 Exercise adherence: Exercise Adherence Rating Scale^d,e [EARS] [63]

x

x

x

 Evaluation of the intervention session: school grades scale^e

x^a–c

 Satisfaction with the LiFE program^e

x^c

x

 Questions on motivation of participants (only trainers)^e

x^a–c