Skip to main content

Table 2 Associations between client frailty status, caregiver distress and risk of health outcomes during 1 year follow-up, overall and by client sex

From: Variation in the health outcomes associated with frailty among home care clients: relevance of caregiver distress and client sex

 

Outcomes at 1 year

Death

NH Placement

Any Hospitalization

Prolonged Hospitalizationa

Base Modelsb

Risk Ratio

(95% CI)

Full Modelsc

Risk Ratio

(95% CI)

Base Modelsb

Risk Ratio

(95% CI)

Full Modelsc

Risk Ratio

(95% CI)

Base Modelsb

Risk Ratio

(95% CI)

Full Modelsc

Risk Ratio

(95% CI)

Base Modelsb

Risk Ratio

(95% CI)

Full Modelsc

Risk Ratio

(95% CI)

OVERALL

 Client Frailty (FI)

  Robust (ref)

        

  Pre-frail

1.45 (1.42–1.48)

1.46 (1.43–1.49)

2.20 (2.15–2.26)

2.08 (2.03–2.13)

1.17 (1.16–1.19)

1.17 (1.16–1.19)

1.42 (1.39–1.45)

1.40 (1.37–1.43)

  Frail

2.32 (2.27–2.37)

2.34 (2.29–2.40)

3.84 (3.75–3.93)

3.39 (3.31–3.48)

1.22 (1.20–1.23)

1.22 (1.20–1.23)

1.51 (1.47–1.55)

1.47 (1.43–1.51)

 Caregiver Distress

  No (ref)

        

  Yes

1.21 (1.19–1.24)

0.97 (0.95–0.98)

1.95 (1.92–1.99)

1.40 (1.37–1.42)

1.06 (1.05–1.07)

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

1.23 (1.20–1.25)

1.10 (1.08–1.13)

WOMEN

 Client Frailty (FI)

  Robust (ref)

        

  Pre-frail

1.51 (1.47–1.56)

1.52 (1.47–1.56)

2.25 (2.18–2.32)

2.13 (2.07–2.20)

1.20 (1.19–1.22)

1.20 (1.18–1.22)

1.43 (1.39–1.48)

1.41 (1.37–1.45)

  Frail

2.61 (2.53–2.69)

2.62 (2.54–2.70)

4.06 (3.94–4.17)

3.58 (3.47–3.69)

1.26 (1.24–1.28)

1.25 (1.23–1.27)

1.52 (1.47–1.57)

1.47 (1.42–1.52)

 Caregiver Distress

  No (ref)

        

  Yes

1.29 (1.25–1.32)

0.99 (0.96–1.02)

2.02 (1.97–2.06)

1.41 (1.38–1.45)

1.08 (1.07–1.10)

1.02 (1.00–1.03)

1.25 (1.21–1.28)

1.12 (1.08–1.15)

MEN

 Client Frailty (FI)

  Robust (ref)

        

  Pre-frail

1.40 (1.35–1.44)

1.41 (1.37–1.45)

2.14 (2.05–2.22)

2.00 (1.92–2.08)

1.14 (1.12–1.16)

1.14 (1.12–1.16)

1.40 (1.35–1.45)

1.38 (1.33–1.43)

  Frail

2.07 (2.00–2.13)

2.10 (2.04–2.17)

3.48 (3.35–3.62)

3.07 (2.95–3.20)

1.17 (1.15–1.19)

1.18 (1.15–1.20)

1.50 (1.44–1.56)

1.46 (1.40–1.52)

 Caregiver Distress

  No (ref)

        

  Yes

1.16 (1.13–1.19)

0.95 (0.93–0.98)

1.85 (1.80–1.91)

1.37 (1.32–1.41)

1.04 (1.02–1.05)

0.99 (0.97–1.00)

1.21 (1.17–1.24)

1.08 (1.05–1.12)

  1. Abbreviations: FI = frailty index, NH = nursing home, ADG = Aggregated Diagnosis Groups
  2. aExcludes clients hospitalized without a prolonged bed stay (overall sample, n = 66,764)
  3. bRisk estimates also adjusted for age, sex (overall models only) and ADG comorbidity, p < 0.001 for all estimates
  4. cRisk estimates from models including age, sex (overall models only), ADG comorbidity, FI frailty status and caregiver distress, p < 0.001 for all estimates except:
  5. - caregiver distress relationship to any hospitalization for overall model (p = 0.8096); among women (p = 0.0415); among men (p = 0.1765)
  6. - caregiver distress relationship to death among women (p = 0.4072)