Health behaviors influencing depressive symptoms in older Koreans living alone: secondary data analysis of the 2014 Korean longitudinal study of aging

Table 1 Group differences in sociodemographic and health-related characteristics

Variables	Overall	Those living alone mean (SD) or weighted %	Those living with others mean (SD) or weighted %	p value
Age	73.81 (6.68)	75.12 (6.68)	72.99 (6.54)	< 0.001
LaPlante ADL/IADL impairment	0.98 (2.92)	1.01 (2.87)	0.97 (2.95)	< 0.001
Number of chronic diseases	0.14 (0.41)	0.15 (0.43)	0.14 (0.39)	< 0.001
CES-D10 scores	7.62 (5.60)	8.52 (5.52)	7.05 (5.59)	< 0.001
Gender^a
Female	58.1	76.6	46.5	< 0.001
Education
No school attended	22.1	30.0	17.1	< 0.001
Elementary school	34.8	37.2	33.4
Middle school	16.7	14.3	18.2
High school	17.9	12.8	21.1
College or above	8.5	5.7	10.2
Socioeconomic status
High	2.3	1.7	2.7	< 0.001
Middle	45.3	37.7	50.0
Low	52.4	60.6	47.3
Self-rated health
Excellent	0.6	0.4	0.8	< 0.001
Very good	15.8	14.0	16.9
Good	44.2	39.5	47.2
Fair	30.5	36.6	26.7
Poor	8.9	9.4	8.5
Pain^a
Present	71.3	74.9	69.0	< 0.001
Psychiatric illness^a
Diagnosed	5.6	6.4	5.1	< 0.001
Smoking status^a
Current smoker	10.2	7.8	11.7	< 0.001
Alcohol use^a
Active drinker	27.2	21.3	30.9	< 0.001
Regular exercise^a
More than once a week	32.2	31.4	32.7	< 0.001
Social activity ^a
Participating	71.1	73.0	68.1	< 0.001

SD Standard deviation; CES-D10 the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-10 items, ADL/IADL Activities of daily living/Instrumental activities of daily living
^a, the variable was dichotomized

ISSN: 1471-2318