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Table 4 Association between pet ownership and sleep problems

From: A cross-sectional exploratory analysis between pet ownership, sleep, exercise, health and neighbourhood perceptions: the Whitehall II cohort study

Problem

Pet owners v Non-owners

Dog owners v owners of other pets

Unadjusted

Adjusted b

Unadjustedc

Adjustedd

ORa (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

OR (95% CI)

p

Trouble falling asleep

0.84 (0.76 to 0.93)

0.001

0.83 (0.75 to 0.92)

0.001

0.82 (0.69 to 0.98)

0.03

0.84 (0.69 to 1.00)

0.06

Wake several times

0.98 (0.89 to 1.08)

0.68

1.03 (0.93 to 1.13)

0.62

1.04 (0.88 to 1.23)

0.64

1.04 (0.88 to 1.24)

0.62

Cannot stay asleep

0.98 (0.89 to 1.08)

0.75

1.00 (0.91 to 1.11)

0.97

1.04 (0.88 to 1.23)

0.61

1.06 (0.89 to 1.26)

0.53

Wake as usual but feel tired

1.14 (1.03 to 1.26)

0.01

1.16 (1.04 to 1.28)

0.01

1.01 (0.85 to 1.21)

0.87

1.03 (0.86 to 1.23)

0.75

Disturbed sleep

1.01 (0.91 to 1.11)

0.91

1.01 (0.91 to 1.11)

0.88

0.98 (0.83 to 1.16)

0.79

1.00 (0.84 to 1.20)

0.96

  1. aodds ratios and confidence intervals calculated from proportional odds regression models
  2. bpredictors in the model are binary pet ownership, age, number of social activities and longstanding illness
  3. cpredictors in the model are pet ownership and dog ownership
  4. dpredictors in the model are pet ownership, dog ownership, age, number of social activities and longstanding illness